' 



SF 

SOS 

•S 6 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

bureau of animal industry. 

Bulletin No. 7. 



INVESTIGATIONS 



;-ox"CKRxrxr T 



BOVINTE TUBEECTJLOSI8, 



SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION. 



CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. D. E. SALMON, 
CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1894. 




Gass. 
Book. 



"St 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Bulletin No. 7. 



*1f 

INVESTIGATIONS 



CONCERNING 



BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS, 



SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION. 



"TVe^-sAA 



CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. D. E. SALMON, 
CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OK AGRICULTURE. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
18 94, 



& 



°p 



OCT201906 
D. of u. 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department op Agriculture, 

Bureau op Animal Industry, 
Washington, D. G., September 10, 1894. 

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report submitted by 
Dr. Theobald Smith covering investigations made by himself, and by 
Drs. F. L. Kilborne and E. 0. Schroeder under his direction, concern- 
ing the diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis. I also transmit in 
this connection a report submitted to me by Dr. E. A. de Schweinitz 
on tuberculin and its use. 

The researches which are the basis of these reports have been most 
carefully conducted, and the results are of great importance and interest 
on account of the accuracy of the observations and the light which they 
throw on the prevention and control of the most widespread and 
destructive plague that affects man and the domesticated animals. 

The facts here presented do much to clear away the uncertainties 
which have confronted the practical sanitarian, and a continuation of 
such investigations, particularly if on a somewhat more extended scale, 
will soon enable us to clearly define the action necessary to protect the 
farmer from the ravages of the disease among his live stock and the 
consumer from the danger of taking into his system the infected prod- 
ucts of tuberculous animals. In such studies it is the farmer who is 
most interested. Not only does he suffer the loss of his animals from 
the disease,, but he is among the largest consumers of meat and milk, 
and, consequently, the health of himself and family is proportionately 
endangered. The farmer must also suffer tbe inconvenience and the 
greater part of the loss resulting from efforts for the eradication of the 
contagion. When these efforts are made by the State, it is a question 
whether this loss is not greater to the cattle owner, on account of the 
inconvenience of the season selected and the damaging effects of the 
publicity, than would follow from his individual action to accomplish 
equally beneficial results. The time has come, therefore, for our farm- 
ers to study this question carefully and decide, in the light of the facts 
published for their benefit, whether it would not be preferable to them- 
selves free their herds from this plague, rather than wait the neces- 
sarily slow and often unpleasant action of the constituted authorities. 
Very respectfully, 

D. E. Salmon, 
Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Hon. J. Sterling Morton, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Animal Industry, 
Washington, D. C, July 21, 1894. 
Sir : I have the honor to .submit herewith some preliminary investi- 
gations and studies dealing" with bovine tuberculosis both from an 
economic and a sanitary point of view. The former has been more or 
less neglected and the demands of public health allowed to overshadow 
it. It seems, however, that the difficulty is one which must be met 
primarily from the agricultural side and in the interests of agriculture. 
If this is successful the public health problem will have solved itself. 
The articles contained in this bulletin are more or less technical inas- 
much as they deal with fundamental problems. A chapter on the 
practical aspect of the whole subject has been added which embodies 
general suggestions on prevention. These will be readily understood 
by all interested in the practical bearing of bovine tuberculosis. 

It remains for me to thank Dr. Cooper Curtice, formerly New York 
State cattle inspector, for the courtesy of permitting me to examine 
with him about 70 tuberculous animals slaughtered under the direc- 
tion of the New York State Board of Health. 
Very respectfully, 

Theobald Smith, 
Chief of Division of Animal Pathology. 
Dr. D. E. Salmon, 

Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page 
Clinical and Pathological Notes on a Herd op 60 Cattle Tested with 

Tuberculin (Soldiers' Home Herd) 7 

Clinical part. By F. L. Kilborne and E. C. Schroeder 7 

General history and sanitary condition of the herd 7 

History of tuberculosis in the herd 10 

Tuberculin tests 11 

Other conditions associated with the tuberculin injections 20 

Conclusions and suggestions 23 

Pathological part. By Theobald Smith 26 

Summary of tuberculin reactions and autopsy notes 31 

Tables giving the temperature as taken before and after the injection of 

tuberculin 59 

Further Experimental Observations on the Presence op Tubercle 

Bacilli in the Milk op Cows. By E. C. Schroeder 75 

Studies in Bovine Tuberculosis with Special Eeference to Preven- 
tion. By Theobald Smith 88 

Primary disease of the lungs and pulmonary glands (air infection) 90 

Tuberculosis of the lungs .- 90 

Tuberculosis of the thoracic glands 92 

Primary tuberculosis of the lymph glands of the head and neck 100 

Primary tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands, the intestines, and the 

liver 103 

Other organs which may be primarily diseased 105 

The relation of the lymphatic system to the primary seat of tuberculosis in 

cattle 107 

Dissemination of tubercle bacilli within the body from the primary focus. 109 

Tuberculosis of the serous membranes (pearly disease) 110 

Dissemination of tubercle bacilli in the lymph channels 112 

Dissemination of tubercle bacilli through the blood (generalized infec- 
tion) 113 

Infection of animals by their own tuberculous discharges (auto-infec- 
tion) 116 

Heredity and tuberculosis 117 

The differential diagnosis of tuberculous lesion 123 

Worm nodules in the small intestine 121 

Other lesions simulating those of tuberculosis 126 

Some Practical Suggestions for the Suppression and Prevention of 

Bovine Tuberculosis. By Theobald Smith 129 

Removal of diseased animals 131 

General sanitary measures 133 

Tuberculosis and the public health 137 

Tables showing the distribution of tuberculous lesions in the body of 

infected cattle 138 

Tuberculin and its Use. By E. A. de Schweinitz 157 

5 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page, 

Plate I. Dorsal aspect of the bovine lungs 146 

II. Ventral aspect of the bovine lungs 148 

III. Trachea and bronchial tubes of the bovine lungs showing attached 

bronchial glands 150 

IV. Posterior mediastinal glands 152 

V. Section through the median plane of the head of a cow to show loca- 
tion of (left) retropharyngeal lymph gland r 154 

VI. Lateral aspect of posterior half of a steer's head to show location of 

lymph glands 156 

6 



INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. 



CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL NOTES ON A HERD OF 60 CATTLE TESTED WITH 
TUBERCULIN. (SOLDIERS' HOME HERD.) 



CLINICAL PAKT. 
By F. L. Kilborne, B. V. S., and E. C. Schroeder, M. D.V. 



GENERAL HISTORY AND SANITARY CONDITION OF THE HERD. 

In the year 1869 a small number of Jersey cattle, comprising 1 bull, 
1 cow, and 3 heifers, were purchased at a fair in Baltimore, Md., and 
brought to the District of Columbia, where they were added to a herd 
of 25 cows of no particular breed, which belonged to the Soldiers' 
Home. The so-called common cows were sold as rapidly as their 
places could be filled by the progeny of the Jerseys and such of their 
own offspring as were sired by the Jersey bull. 

A second Jersey bull was secured in the year 1874 and a third in the 
year 1880. The last bull died in the year 1889, after only two days of 
noticeable sickness. Previous to the introduction of the third bull the 
herd had increased to double the original number of cattle, and con- 
sisted exclusively of either pure Jerseys or cows in which the Jersey 
strain predominated. They were amply fertile and in good condition. 
A few deaths had occurred, some from parturient apoplexy and others 
from unknown causes, but the death rate never exceeded reasonable 
bounds. 

An outbreak of abortion, which assumed a contagious form, occurred 
in the year 1882, and was not overcome until a considerable number of 
cows had been removed from the herd and their places filled with new 
stock. One bull, 6 cows, and 3 heifers of Holstein breed and 12 com- 
mon cows were bought. The former came from Clifton, Va., and the 
latter mainly from Montgomery County, Md. The common cows were 
again sold as soon as their places could be taken by the offspring of the 
Holstein cattle and of the remaining Jerseys, and only the most vigor- 
ous and productive of the latter were retained. The Holstein cattle 
had the preference because the Jerseys seemed to have lost their former 
vitality. 

7 



8 

The process of thinning out the common cows, and more gradually 
the Jerseys, continued without interruption, and the herd slowly 
increased in number until the time of the tuberculin test, when it con- 
sisted of 00 animals, the majority of which were more or less pure Hoi 
stein cattle and the balance Jerseys. The general condition of the herd 
was excellent, and with the exception of 2 or 3 cows it contained 
nothing which was suggestive of disease on superficial examination. 

A second Holstein bull, from either Kew York or Pennsylvania, took 
the place of the first in the year 1887. The first was sold in good con- 
dition, but the second was sent in 1892 to the veterinary station of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, and was found extensively tuberculous on 
post-mortem examination. 

In additiou to the several bulls spoken of, there were at different 
times several other bulls which were the progeny of and raised in the 
herd. 

The stables in which the herd was kept are located in the grounds of 
the Soldiers' Home. Together with an unused horse stable, a dairy 
room, a number of box stalls, tool houses, storerooms, and open sheds, 
they form a rectangle which incloses a i>aved yard not less than 100 
feet long and 60 feet wide, the long diameter of which extends north 
and south. All the buildings are entered through the inclosed yard. 

The principal stable, which is the only structure more than one story 
high, is 75 feet long and 40 feet broad, and forms the greater portion of 
the eastern side of the rectangle. The upper story is used as a hay 
loft. The lower story, with the exception of a space 18 feet wide at the 
northern end, is occupied by three rows of fourteen stalls each, two 
facing each other, and separated by a passage 4 feet wide, and a third 
row with its rear turned towards the other two, from which it is sepa- 
rated by a space 4 to 5 feet wide. 

Two smaller stables used for cattle form the southwestern angle of 
the rectangle. The smaller of the two is 25 feet square and contains 
two rows of six stalls, facing each other, with a passage 3 to 4 feet wide 
between. In the larger, which measures 40 by 30 feet, are two rows of 
ten stalls, facing each other and separated by a passage 4 to 5 feet 
wide. In the latter stable the cattle are fastened in stanchions, in the 
other two by means of chains. 

All the buildings are of brick excepting the second story of the prin- 
cipal stable. Tlie stalls are about 4 feet wide and have plank fioors 
which rest upon a layer of cement. In the rear of each row of stalls is 
a covered drain with openings at regular intervals. At the head of 
each stall is a trough and hay rack. 

The light and ventilation are good. In the largest stable, in which 
the ceiling is lowest, the latter is at least 8 feet high. This stable is 
ventilated by two air shafts. Light is obtained in all the stables 
through numerous glazed windows which can be opened in warm 
weather. The fioors are dry and kept scrupulously clean. 



The drainage from all the stables collects in a covered cesspool which 
is in the inclosed yard about 10 feet from the center of the main stable. 
This pool has one objectionable feature. It is 9 feet deep and the dis- 
charge pipe leading from it is only 3 feet beneath the surface, and 
hence the drainage from the stables to the depth of 6 feet stagnates 
constantly in this pool and frequently gives rise to very disagreeable 
odors. The discharge -wipe from the cesspool empties into a neighbor- 
ing creek. 

Extending southeast from the main stable is a patch of ground 2 to 
3 acres in extent, about five times as long as it is broad, inclosed by a 
fence. This is known as the cow yard. It slopes gradually down to 
within 10 to 12 feet of the creek into which the drainage from the stables 
is eventually discharged. In the lower portion of the cow yard the 
cattle are watered, the water being pumped from a spring into a long 
trough elevated about a foot from the ground. 

The lower portion of the cow yard is also used as a dumping place 
for the leaves collected from various portions of the Home grounds, and 
when these become mixed with the droppings of the cattle and saturated 
with moisture a veritable swamp is formed, through which the cattle 
must pass to reach the water. 

The manure from the stables was hauled each day to a place specially 
provided in the rear of the cow yard, where it remained at most a 
few days at a time. Tt was used to improve the condition of such por- 
tions of the Home grounds as needed fertilizing. 

The spring from which the drinking water was obtained is appar- 
ently well removed from any source of contamination. 

During the warm months the herd was kept constantly out of doors. 
At 4 a. m. the milch cows were driven into the stable, milked, turned 
into the cow yard with the other cattle, and from there the entire herd 
was driven into pasture. About 11 a. m. all the cattle were returned 
to the cow yard, the milch cows were again driven into the stable, 
milked, turned back into the cow yard, and from there, with the rest of 
the cattle, back into pasture. At 6 p. m. all the cattle were returned to 
the cow yard, where they remained until the following morning. 

When the pasturage was not good the milch cows received a small 
amount of feed of one kind or another while in the stable to be milked 

During the cold months the cattle were not allowed to go into pas- 
ture, but were given fresh air and exercise in the cow yard, where they 
remained from one to eight hours, according to the state of the weather. 
The cows were milked at the same hours during the summer and win- 
ter. When not allowed to go into pasture the cattle were fed a mixture 
of cut beets, cut hay, and mill feed, one meal at 5 : 30 a. m. and another 
at 2 : 30 p. m., and a good feed of long hay in the evening. The quantity 
of the mixed feed varied according to the size and productivity of the 
animal, and was a half bushel at each feeding for a cow giving milk. 

All the water for the cattle was obtained in the cow yard excepting 
only a small quantity which was mixed with the feed. This was from 



10 

a cistern supplied with rain water from tlie roof of the main stable, at 
the northeastern corner of which it was located. 

No special restricted pasture was set apart for the cattle. A piece 
of ground from which the first crop of grass had been cut tor hay was 
selected every day or two, and the cattle were confined to it by herds- 
men. Particular instructions were given the herdsmen not to let the 
cattle drink from any creek or pond which might be near or in the 
pasture. 

The bulls were never turned into pasture but were confined in inclos - 
ures of sufficient size to give them the needed exercise and air. 

Shortly previous to the time of parturition the cows were placed in 
box stalls. The calves were allowed such portions of the milk of their 
dams as they needed during the first two months, after which they were 
fed cut hay mixed with meal or bran, or were turned out to pasture. 

The cows were served by the bull three months after calving, so as to 
produce one calf every twelve to fourteen months. 

When bedding was needed in the stalls it consisted of leaves col- 
lected on the Home grounds. No particular care was taken to train 
the cattle to occupy the same stalls at all timeSo 

HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE HERD. 

The first definite history of tuberculosis in the herd dates back to 
February, 1889. An inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry was 
directed to examine the herd, and the result was that four Jersey cows 
were condemned as tuberculous. Post-mortem examination confirmed 
the diagnosis. Two of the cows were killed and examined at the Sol- 
diers' Home and two sent to the veterinary station of the Bureau and 
kept under observation until the time of their death.* 

When the above inspection was made the man in charge of the cat- 
tle was closely questioned in regard to diseases and deaths in the herd. 
The information obtained at this time was of a character to lead to the 
supposition that some of the former deaths were due to tuberculosis. 
The cattle were again examined by a Bureau inspector in the fall and 
winter of 1891 and 1892, and one Jersey heifer (No. 338) pronounced 
tuberculous. 

November 14, 1892, the Holstein bull which entered the herd in 1886 
was sent to the veterinary station of the Bureau. He had an offensive 
nasal discharge, and both submaxillary glands were greatly enlarged. 
Tuberculosis was suspected, but could not be definitely diagnosed, and 
hence a tuberculin injection was tried. The test was made November 
15 and 1G and a positive reaction obtained. November 17 both sub- 
maxillary glands were cut out and found to be tuberculous. 

December 9 and 10, 1892, and January 19 and 20, 1893, the bull was 
again tested with tuberculin and positive reactions obtained in both 



Bulletin No. 3 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, pp. 60-62. Nos. 155 and 156. 



11 

instances. He was killed January 26, 1893, and the post-mortem exam- 
ination showed extensive tuberculosis.* 

After the first tuberculin test of the bull had given a positive reac- 
tion and the excised glands had been found tuberculous, the view, which 
had been gaining strength for some time, that tuberculosis was very 
general in the herd assumed almost tbe character of a faet, and it was 
further supported by another careful examination of the cattle extend 
ing over two days at the beginning of December, 1893. Several 
undoubted cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, three or four times as 
many more animals were distinctly to be looked upon with suspicion. 
The condition of a very large portion of tbe remaining cattle was such 
that a diagnosis of tuberculosis with the methods usually employed 
by the practical veterinarian could not be made. Yet they showed 
little irregularities of various kinds which made it impossible, in the 
presence ( of so much tuberculosis, to pronounce them certainly free 
from the affection. 

With matters in this uncertain state it was concluded to seek more 
reliable results from a general tuberculin test, and this was all the 
more desirable because the Bureau had been seeking a favorable oppor- 
tunity for some time to test the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic 
agent on a larger scale than had been previously possible. 

TUBERCULIN TESTS. 

A preliminary tuberculin test was made directly after the last exami- 
nation of the herd. Five cows were selected and their temperature 
taken every two hours from 6 a. m. to 8 p. m. December 6, 1892. The 
following morning at 6 o'clock each animal received an injection of 
tuberculin under the skin on the left side of the neck, and the tem- 
perature was again taken every two hours until 8 p. m., and once in 
addition to this at 9 p. m. December 8 the temperature was again 
taken at 11 a. m. to determine whether it had returned to normal in 
the animals which had shown an elevation the previous day. (For the 
degrees of temperature, obtained per rectum, during the test, see 
table, p. 59.) 

The substance injected was the regular " Tuberculinum Kochii" 
imported from Germany. It was used in a 10 per cent solution. The 
diluent was distilled sterile water to which one-half per cent of carbolic 
acid had been added. Each animal received a dose of the solution 
equivalent to 0.4 cc. of pure tuberculin. 

The reactions following the injections were quite surprising, and 
implied the presence of even more tuberculosis than had been sus- 
pected. Two of the cows selected, Nos. 306 and 311, which were 
included in the preliminary test particularly because of their excellent 
condition and apparently perfect freedom from disease gave high reac- 
tions. Cows Nos. 303 and 314 were selected as well-developed cases of 



* For the tuberculiu tests and the post-mortem notes see p. 58. 



12 

tuberculosis, and in them the reactions simply confirmed the previous 
diagnosis. Cow No. 304 alone gave no reaction; she had long suffered 
from a cough and was regarded as a highly suspicious case. The post- 
mortem examinations made later on" fully verified the results of the 
test. 

More extensive tuberculin tests were begun February 1, 1893. In 
these it was determined to observe the cattle with sufficient care while 
under the influence of the tuberculin to detect, if possible, any symp- 
toms which might present themselves in tuberculous animals in addi- 
tion to the rise in temperature. To do this effectually the whole herd 
could not be tested at oue time, and hence it was divided into sections, 
and the different sections tested successively until every animal, with 
the exception of only one, had passed through two tests. Sufficient 
time was always allowed to pass after the first injection before the 
second was made to avoid interference of the former with the latter. 

The tuberculin used was of two kinds, respectively specified as 
tuberculin K and tuberculin S. The former has already been described 
in connection with the preliminary test. Tuberculin S was prepared 
in the chemical laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry by Dr. 
B. A. de Schweinitz, and was injected in a 12£ per cent solution. 

During the test the cattle were Freated as nearly as possible in the 
customary manner. Just before the test they were turned into the cow 
yard for an hour, where they had access to fresh drinking water, then 
they were driven into the stable where they remained until the conclu- 
sion of the test. The drinking water, which at other times was 
obtained in the cow yard, was brought to the cattle in the stable during 
the test, and on very cold days was slightly warmed by the addition of 
a quart or two of boiling water to three or four gallons of cold water. 

Bor the first test 10 head of cattle were selected. Commencing 9 a. 
m., Bebruary 1, 1893, the temperature, pulse, and respiration of each 
animal were taken every hour until 9 a. m. the next morning, when 
each animal received an injection of tuberculin S, immediately after 
which the temperature, pulse, and respiration were again taken, and 
every hour from then on until thirty-two hours had passed. 

March 15, 1893, a second lot of 14 head was selected and treated in 
precisely the same manner. (Bor a full description of each animal and 
the dose of tuberculin each received, see cattle Nos. 301 to 324, pp. 31- 
41; for the temperature, pulse, and respiration of the cattle during the 
test, see tables, pp. 00-65.) 

An examination of the tables shows that a small, marked increase in 
the frequency of the pulse often accompanies the rise in temperature 
resulting from an injection of tuberculin, and that in many cases a 
greater frequency in the respiration also occurs. But there is nothing 
sufficiently characteristic about this to give it value as additional evi- 
dence of the presence or absence of tuberculosis. The same conclusion 



13 

was previously reached, by other experimenters with tuberculin.* Con- 
sequently, in the following- tests the condition of the pulse and respira- 
tion was not noted. It was further observed that in few if any cases 
the rise in temperature commenced before the sixth hour after the 
injection, and that little or nothing was to be gained by taking the 
temperature during the first six to eight hours. This fact led to a 
change in the hour of making the injection from 9 a. m. to 12 p. m., in 
order to overcome the unpleasant necessity of remaining with the cat- 
tle all night. The temperature was then taken every hour from 7 or 8 
a. m. until 11 p. m. At 12 p. m. the injections were made, and taking 
the temperature after injection was commenced the following morning 
at or 7 o'clock, from which time on it was taken hourly until 10 p. m. 

Cattle bearing Nos. 325 to 337, inclusive, were injected with tuber- 
culin K, March 21, 1893; cattle Nos. 338 to 346, inclusive, were injected 
with tuberculin K, March 27, 1893; cattle Nos. 347 to 353, inclusive, 
were injected with tuberculin S, April 12, 1893, and cattle Nos. 354 to 
363, inclusive, were injected with tuberculin S, May 1, 1893. (For a 
description of each animal and the dose of tuberculin given, see cattle 
Nos. 325 to 363, inclusive, pp. 41-59; for the temperature of the cattle 
during the tests, see tables, pp. 66-69.) 

The second injections were made on the following dates: March 21, 
1893, cattle Kos. 301, 302, 305, 307, 308, 309, and 310 received each an 
injection of tuberculin K. March 27, cattle IsTos. 312, 313, 315, 317, and 
319 to 324 inclusive, received each an injection of tuberculin K. t April 
12, cattle JSTos. 318, and 328 to 337 inclusive, received each an injection 
of tuberculin S. May 1, cattle JSTos. 339 to 353, inclusive, received each 
an injection of tuberculin S. May 25, cattle ISfos. 325, 326, 327, and 
354 to 363 inclusive, received each an injection of tuberculin S. The 
same date the following cattle also received a third injection of tuber- 
culin S. The same date the following cattle also received a third injec- 
tion of tuberculin S: Nos. 305, 308, 309, 315, 319, 320,321, 322, 334, 336, 
and 339. (For the temperature before and after the second and third 
injections, see tables, pp. 69-74.) 

Cow No. 338 was so far advanced in tuberculosis before the time for 
a second injection arrived that she was killed in practically a dying 
condition. 

Of the 63 animals included in tne entire series of tests, 60 were exam- 
ined post-mortem, and in all but 7 lesions of tuberculosis were present.^ 

Before we can determine in what measure the results of the tuberculin 
injections correctly indicated the presence or absence of a tuberculous 

* Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Thiermed., xvm (1891), p. 99, Arbeiten a. d. kaiserl. 
Gesundheitsamte, viii (1892), p. 55. 

t The 5 cows included iu the preliminary test did not receive a second injection in 
the general tests. 

J Three cows, Nos. 325, 326, and 327, included in the tuberculin tests, were not 
killed. They were private property, and strictly speaking, did not form part of 
the herd. 



14 

affection, we must form a more or less definite idea of what is in truth 
to be called a reaction. On this point little agreement apparently 
exists between different observers, which is not an extraordinary tact 
when we consider the marked normal variations in the temperature of 
milk cattle, the readiness with which the teini>erature of many animals 
is influenced by slight and frequently unrecognizable causes, the 
dissimilar conditions under which different herds live, the lack of 
constancy in the quantity of tuberculin injected, and the possible 
variations in the strength, purity, and state of preservation of the- 
tuberculin used. 

The elevation in the temperature necessary to constitute a reaction 
has variously been given from ().r>° 0. to 1° 0.* (6.9° F. to 1.8° F.). But it is 
not sufficient to consider merely the number of degrees the tempera- 
ture after the injection rises above the temperature before the injection. 
The height reached by the temperature and the duration of the eleva- 
tion certainly can not be disregarded. In estimating the reliability of 
the results from tuberculin injections where the temperature after the 
injection is low, Eber maintains that a rise of not less than O.rp C. 
must occur, and be continuous during many hours, before the presence 
of fever can be conclusively affirmed. A low temperature after the 
injection is specified as 39.5° C. (103.1° F.).t This is a rnle which we 
believe it is necessary to observe. As an aid in estimating the result 
of the present series of injections, two synoptic tables of the first and 
seeond injections, respectively, are given below. In these will be found 
the maximum temperature before and after injection, the number of 
hours between each injection and the first rise in temperature, the num- 
ber of hours the temperature remained elevated, the difference in 
degrees in each case between the highest temperature before and after 
the injection, and the presence or absence of tuberculosis on post- 
mortem examination. 

*Arbeiten aus dera Kaiserlicken Gesundheitsamte, vin (1892), pp. 84-86. See 
also two footnotes in Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Thieriiied,, xvili (1892), p. 325. 
t Ibid, xviii (1892), p. 322. 



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19 

Table A gives the result of the first injections. The absence or pres- 
ence of a reaction supported by the absence or presence of tuberculosis is 
so clear in 50 of the 60 animals examined post-mortem that they require 
no special attention. This leaves 10 animals of more doubtful character, 
which we will consider in order (see pp. 31-58 for complete notes) : 

No. 305. — The maximum temperature after injectiou, which is 102.8° F., is not suf- 
ficiently high, although it is l c F. above the maximum temperature previous to 
injection, to pass as a reaction in a herd of 63 cattle among which 18 gave a max- 
imum temperature of 102.8° F. or more before injection. Neither is the elevation 
in the temperature after injection over and above the maximum temperature before 
injection (only three hours) of sufficient duration to be regarded as a reaction. 
Hence the absence of tuberculosis in this animal was properly indicated by tbe 
tuberculin injection. 

No. 319. — Failed to give a reaction and on post-mortem examiuatiou was fouud 
tuberculous. The tuberculous foci were small, largely calcareous, and the surround- 
ing tissue free from recent infiltration. 

No. 320. — Gave a low reaction in the absence of tuberculosis. The animal is a 
heifer, which had been served by the bull every three weeks for five or six months 
previous to the date of conception, February 15, 1893, just one month before the 
injection. 

No. 321. — The highest temperature reached after injection was 103.4° F., and 
although this is 1.2° F. above the maximum temperature of the previous day, in con- 
sideration of the fact that the animal was seven months advanced in her first preg- 
nancy, it is not sufficient to constitute a reaction. On post-mortem no tuberculosis 
was found, but the animal was affected with a liver disease. 

No. 322. — No reaction and tuberculosis present. The lesions are similar to those in 
No. 319. 

No. 334. — No reaction and tuberculosis present. 

No. 338. — No reaction and very extensive tuberculosis present. 

No. 340. — A decided reaction and no tuberculosis. The animal was supposed to be 
four months and ten days advanced in pregnancy at the time of the post-mortem 
examination, one month after the tuberculin test, but in her uterus was found a 
fetus, about three months old, dead and partly disintegrated. 

No. 353. — Will have to pass as a case showing no tuberculosis on post-mortem, but 
giving a very low or somewhat doubtful reaction. 

No. 360. — No reaction and tuberculosis present. Similar to Nos. 319 and 322. A 
guinea pig inoculated died from tuberculosis in two months. 

Thus we have 52 instances out of 60 in which the presence or absence 
of tuberculosis was correctly indicated by the use of tuberculin as a 
diagnostic agent, giving a general average of 86§ per cent. 

It is questionable whether the absence of reactions in cases jSTos. 319, 
322, and 360 should have much weight. They must, indeed, be ranked 
as failures, but they were in all probability stationary cases of disease, 
dangerous neither to themselves nor other cattle. It is also interesting 
to note that the two animals without tuberculosis, which must be 
regarded as having given a reaction, Nos. 320 and 353, show a feebler 
reaction, which commenced at a later hour and was of shorter duration 
than the reaction in any animal decidedly tuberculous. 

The standard of what should constitute a reaction could conveniently 
be raised high enough for the herd to exclude these two cases from the 
number of animals giving a reaction without increasing the number of 
animals found tuberculous without a reaction. 



20 

An examination of Table B, which gives the results of the second 
injections, will show that the first part corresponds very well with Table 
A. The results in the latter portion of the table are not reliable, a fact 
for which we can account at the present time only by assuming the 
existence of some defect in the tuberculin used. 

Since the above was written several instances have come under obser- 
vation where a second injection failed altogether to produce a reaction 
in animals which gave a very decided reaction after the first injection, 
notwithstanding that the two injections were separated by a very con- 
siderable period of time.* 

OTHER CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THK TUBERCULIN INJECTIONS. 

Swelling and tenderness at the seat of injection, sufficiently severe 
to be clearly noticeable, were present in less than 20 per cent of the 
cattle, and were as common among the nontuberculous which gave no 
reaction as among the tuberculous animals which reacted. 

Muscular trembling or shivering, as if from a severe chill, noticeable 
especially in the flank, was a common occurrence. It was seen in 25 to 
30 animals, either after the first or secoud injection; some cattle showed 
this condition after the first injection and not after the second, and rice 
versa. It accompanied as a constant feature neither the highest reac- 
tions nor those of lougest duration, nor was it confined to animals with 
lesions of a particular kind in character or extent. The most interest- 
ing feature about it is that wherever it was seen lesions of tuberculosis 
were found on post-mortem examination. 

A decided softening of the feces, an acceleration of the pulse and res- 
piration, arching of the back, coldness of the hind quarters and extrem- 
ities, loss of appetite and temporary suspension of rumination, the latter 
during the time the fever was greatest, are conditions which were 
observed in a considerable number of animals, but like the swelling and 



*Qnite recently 6 cows received an injection of tuberculin, which was followed in 
twenty-four days by a second injection. The following table gives the results of 
the two injections. For the first injection tuberculin S was used; lor the second 
tuberculin K. Only one animal (No. 5) included in the table was pregnant; it was 
her fourth pregnancy, in which she was five months advanced at the time of the last 
injection. It is to be regretted that the animals included in the table could not 
have been killed and examined post-mortem. — E. C. S. 



Highest Highest ^'7''^! Highest 
No. tempera- tempera- . ' , tempera- 

of tare lie- tare after !■"].";.] ture after 
cow. fore first : first in- .,,,,1^ second 
infection, jection. ; ect j on injection. 


Reaction 
after 

first in- 
jection. 


Reaction 
after 

second 
injection. 

; F. 

2.9 

0. :: 
2.8 
4.(i 
2.3 
1.9 


/■*. ° ° 

1 102.8 100.2 101.9 104.8 

2 104. 106. 5 101. 7 102. 

3 102.8 , 104.0 102:: in:.. 1 

4 101.4 104.8 101.8 inc. 4 
5. 101.8 104.0 102.4 104.7 
6 102.6 106.0 102.1 104.0 


° F. 
3.4 
2.5 
1.2 
3.4 
2.2 
3.4 



21 



tenderness at the seat of injection, they have apparently no practical 
significance. 

So far as it was possible to observe, no unfavorable condition was 
produced in any animal by the tuberculin injections. In regard to this 
matter most observers are agreed.* 

A reduction in the milk secretion, if this occurred, was only tempo- 
rary, and too small in amount to attract attention in a large herd of 
which only a comparatively small number of cattle were under the influ- 
ence of the tuberculin at one time. It is reasonable to suppose that the 
quantity of milk from cattle affected by a loss of appetite was slightly 
diminished in consequence of the smaller amount of food consumed. 
The reduction in the milk secretion observed in cattle tested with tuber- 
culin in Karlsruhe and Mannheim was attributed to this cause and to 
the disturbance of the animal while undergoing the test.t A decided 
reduction in the milk secretion was observed in cattle tested in Berlin, 
but the specific gravity of the milk remained unaffected, t § 

* Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Thiermed. xvm (1891), p. 97. Arbeiteu a. d. Kaiserliclien 
Gesundheixsamte, vin (1892), p. 86. 

\Ibkl.,-p.S6. 

!/&•£., pp. 40, 41. 

i, The amount of milk secreted by 65 to 70 cows in a herd of 134 cattle which were 
injected with tuberculin in Virginia was 800 pounds the day before and 750 pounds 
the day after the injection. In 71 percent of the herd the injection was followed by 
a reaction. 

Unfortunately this herd could not be kept under observation a longer time than 
the tuberculin test actually required to determine the number of animals affected 
with tuberculosis, and hence no exact data could be secured on the amount of milk 
secreted by the cows during the first eight to ten days after the injection. On this 
last point the manager of the herd informs me that a reduction in the amount of 
milk commenced the day after the injection, that it was progressive during several 
days, and reached its climax the fourth or fifth day, and that the daily amount of 
milk then increased again until it reached its normal about the tenth day. 

In this connection the following table may be of interest. It includes 6 cows, 
each of which was injected with 0.3 cc. of tuberculin K. The amount of reaction 
(the difference between the highest temperature the day before and the day after 
the injection) is given in degrees F., and the amount of milk in pounds the day 
before and after the injection. 



No. of cow. 


Amount of 
reaction. 


Milk before 
injection. 


Milk after 
injection. 


Kertuction 

in milk 

after injec 

tion. 


1 


2.9 
0.3 
2.8 
4.6 
2.3 
1.9 


16.1 
27.1 
17.7 
22.5 
17.3 
30.9 


15.0 
27.8 
16.2 

17^1 
29. 1 


1.1 
-0.7 
1.5 
5.4 ' 

1.8 


i 


6 


Total.... 




131.6 


122.3 


9.3 



Of the above cows all, except No. 5. had calved within the last two t<> live months, 
and were not pregnant. 2\"o. 5 had calved eight months previous to the test and was 
five mouths advanced in pregnancy. 

In another herd in Virginia, in which 15 cattle were injected with tuberculin, and 
70 per cent of the milk cows reacted, a marked reduction in the amount of milk yield 
during the first few days after the injection was reported. — E. O. S. 



22 

In our test we made no examination of the urine. In the Berlin tests 
already referred to it was observed that the specific gravity remained 
uninfluenced, but that the alkalinity and the amount of sodium chloride 
were increased in almost every case, iu tuberculous as well as non- 
tuberculous cattle. This condition was very marked the second day 
after the injection, and reached its highest point the fourth day. The 
increased alkalinity and the increased amount of sodium chloride did 
not keep pace with each other, so that when the alkalinity had reached 
its highest point a reduction occurred in the sodium chloride and 
inversely.* 

All the injections with tuberculin in cattle published up to March 
15, 1892, have been included in a general resume by A. Eber.i He 
describes the various conditions it is necessary to observe in experi- 
ments the purpose of which is to determine the value tuberculin pos- 
sesses as a diagnostic agent in tuberculosis. The conditions are much 
the same as those now generally accepted, and correspond fairly well 
with the conditions we have observed in our work. After applying 
them to the tuberculin injections with which his resume deals, he finds 
443 cases sufficiently free from objectionable features to answer as 
material for reliable conclusions. Of the 443 animals iujected, the 
condition as regards tuberculosis was correctly determined in 375 cases, 
which is equivalent to 15.35 per cent of failures. The result of the 
first injections in the Soldiers' Home herd compares favorably with 
this, and while it is a rate of failures too high to give more than par- 
tial satisfaction, it is so great an improvement over all other known 
methods by which tuberculosis can be diagnosed that the importance 
of tuberculin can hardly be too highly estimated. It must also be 
borne in mind that the eight animals in the Soldiers' Home herd in 
which the tuberculin is represented as having given false results are, 
with one exception, involved in a degree of doubt. Nos. 319, 322, 334, 
and 300, which gave no reaction, certainly were not free from lesions 
of tuberculosis, but in 3 of the 4 animals there was no recent infiltra- 
tion, and if the lesions in all four animals had been concentrated in 
only one animal, they would still have been too slight to have given 
the remotest intimation of their presence where their detection depended 
on the usual methods of examination. The absence of tuberculosis in 
ISTos. 320, 340, and 353 is questionable in the presence of the reaction 
after injection with tuberculin, in the sense that absence here may 
mean, simply, not found after careful search. Because of economical 
considerations the carcasses of the cattle in which the lesions were 
slight, or apparently absent, were not mutilated to any extent which 
would have destroyed their value as food. 

The absence of a reaction in No. 338 is peculiar; it was an advanced 
case of tuberculosis, in which the affection was readily diagnosed almost 

* Ibid., p. 55. 

t Deutsche Zeitschrii't f. Thieriueuicin, XVIII (1892), p. 321. 



23 

a year previous to the injection. Other observers have noticed that 
occasionally very advanced cases of tuberculosis fail to react, and that 
the reaction is frequently highest in young animals in the first stages 
of the disease.* 

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

It is not necessary to repeat the many favorable opinions expressed by 
different observers in support of the value which is claimed for tuber- 
culin as an aid in diagnosing doubtful cases of tuberculosis in cattle. 
The number of instances in which the conditions indicated by the 
results of the injections do not conform to the conditions found on post- 
mortem examination is so many times less the number of errors from 
all other methods used to diagnose tuberculosis, and there are so many 
cases of tuberculosis which could not possibly be detected by any other 
method, that even they who are least inclined to favor the use of tuber- 
culin can not fail to recognize its importance. 

The precise composition of tuberculin is unknown, its exact qualities 
have not been determined, and the methods used to test its strength 
and purity are imperfect. With further improvement in these respects 
we may expect more accurate results from tuberculin injections in the 
future. 

To make a tuberculin test for practical purposes we believe it neces- 
sary to observe the following rules. In laying down these few simple 
rules we have kept in mind that it is desirable, from an economical point 
of view, to strip every test for practical purposes of all unnecessary labor 
or expenditure of time. 

The temperature of the animals to be tested should be taken every 
two hours at least six or seven times before the injections are made, 
because without a knowledge of the variations before the injections it 
is frequently impossible to estimate correctly the value of the eleva- 
tions after the injections. This precaution may have the appearance 
of an unnecessary waste of time and labor where the temperature before 
the injections varies only within what are usually regarded strictly 
normal limits for cattle. But the temperature does not always confine 
itself within these limits, and strictly normal limits for one herd and 
one set of conditions are not strictly normal limits for all herds and all 
conditions, and the exceptions, which certainly can not be justly 
neglected, can be selected only by a number of accurate measurements. 

The importance of this rule will become more apparent if we turn to 
the temperature tables and examine the temperature previous to injec- 
tion of the 14 animals in which a height of 103° F. was reached. 

The following table gives the numbers of the 14 animals, the highest 
point reached by the temperature before the injection and the hour in 
which that point was reached, the temperature of each animal at 9 

*Arbeiten a. d. kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt, viii (1892), pp. 54 and 55. The 
Journal of Com. Med. and Vet. Arch., Vol. xv (1894), p. 13. 



24 



n. in. the same day, and the difference in de< 
temperature and the 9 a. m. temperature. 



rees between the highest 





Highest tern 


Tempera- 


Differ- 




Highest tem- 


Tempera- 


Differ- 




perature before 


tare, 


ence be- 




peratim lict'nrc 


ture, 


enee be- 


No. of 


the first hljec- 


9 a.m., 


tween the 


No. of 


the first injec- 


9 a.m., 


tween the. 


animal. 


tion and the 


before 


highest 


animal. 


tion and the 


before 


highest 




hour of occur- 


first in- 


and 




hour of occur- 


first in- 


and 




rence. 


jection. 


lowest. 




rence. 


jection. 


lowest. 




° F. 


~ 




OF. 


c 


o 


312 


103.0— 4 p.m. 


100. 


3.0 


329 


103.0— 6 p.m. 


100.6 


2 4 


317 


103.0— 5 p.m. 


101.0 


2.0 


338 


103.6— 2 p.m. 


102.2 


1.4 


318 


103.0— fip.iu. 


98.8 


4.2 


342 


103.0—10 p. in. 


10. 8 


1.2 


319 


103. 3— 5 p. id. 


99 8 


3. 5 


352 


103.0— 6 p.m. 


102. 6 


0.4 


323 


103.5— 5 p.m. 


99. 7 


3.8 


354 


103. 5- 6 p. m. 


101. 8 


1.7 


324 


104.0— 5 p.m. 


101.0 


3.0 


359 


103.2- (5 p. in. 


101.2 


2.0 


327 


103.0—11 a.m. 


102.8 


0.2 


363 


103.2— 6 p.m. 


101.9 


1.3 



We have here 14 animals which, with the exception of Nos. 324, in 
the last stages of pregnancy, and 33S, a case of tuberculosis diagnosed 
previous to the test, gave no evidence of an affection or a condition 
accompanying which a great variation in temperature, or an unusually 
low or high temperature, could be expected; and yet, if these animals 
had received an injection of tuberculin between 9 and 10 a. m., the day 
the temperature in the tables was taken, and the presence or absence 
of a reaction later in the day had been determined from the state of the 
temperature at 9 a.m., even if the tuberculin in the supposed injections 
had been absolutely inert, at least three-fourths of the animals would 
have been looked upon as giving decided reactions. 

The degrees of temperature above given were all taken previous to 
the first injections. If we now turn to the temperature of the same 
animals taken previous to the second injections, Ave find that in eight 
of them very similar variations exist, and that only two of them have a 
really normal temperature, showing clearly that in many individuals 
the variations are sufficiently constant to make tlieir determination by 
precise measurements practically necessary in every tuberculin test 
from which reliable results are expected. In other words, the varia- 
tion in the temperature of an animal during the course of a day is fre- 
quently so great that, if this variation is not determined, and the tem- 
perature is taken only once previous to a tuberculin injection, it is 
merely a matter of chance if a high temperature, natural to the animal 
and independent of the action of the tuberculin injection, is not con- 
founded with or erroneously taken for a reaction. 

Special stress is laid on this point because, in a recent article which 
speaks of the use of tuberculin, the opinion is expressed that while 
a long series of temperatures before injection may be more scientific, 
a single temperature before injection at 9 p. in. is sufficient for prac- 
tical purposes.* 

An examination of the degrees of temperature of the 24 animals 
included in Tables II to IX, which were taken during twenty-four con- 



The Journal of Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., \\ ( lsiil ,, p. li>. 



25 

secutive hours previous to injection, will show that the maximum daily 
temperature was reached four times at 8 a. m., twice at 3 p. m., eight 
times at 4 -p. in., eight times at 5 p. m., once at G p. m., and once at 9 
p. m. The minimum temperature, with two exceptions, occurred before 
the hour of noon. Hence, while it is probable that the chances for 
error with a single temperature before the injection are less when that 
temperature is taken in the evening, or, better still, in the afternoon 
between 4 and 5 o'clock, it is clear, with the maximum daily tempera- 
ture varying in the hour of its occurrence all the way from 8 a. m. to 
9 p. in., that the hour at which a single temperature is taken does not 
signify much, and that it is insufficient in many, if not in all, cases for 
reliable conclusions.. 

Next comes the tuberculin, and this unfortunately, which is the most 
important consideration, is beyond the control of the inspector. The 
domestic tuberculin, with which our experience is largest, has cer- 
tainly shown some peculiarities which are best explained by assuming 
a variation to exist in the strength of preparations of different dates. 
The imported tuberculin has given fairly constant results in our hands, 
but we have not used it with sufficient frequency to say that it is bet- 
ter than the domestic article. Dr. Curtice, whose experience with the 
foreign substance is move extensive, gives some reasons to doubt the 
constancy of its strength.* 

The tuberculin should be properly diluted. One part of tuberculin 
to 9 parts of water containing from one-half to 1 per cent of carbolic 
acid has found general favor. The tuberculin prepared by the Bureau 
of Animal Industry is diluted in the form of a 12^ per cent solution 
before it leaves the laboratory, and is ready for injection as received. 

The dose, if the tuberculin is of the usually supposed strength, is 
from 4 to 5 cc. (about 1 to 14. drams) of the 10 per cent solution of the 
imported tuberculin, or from 2 to2i cc. (about one-half to three-fourths 
dram) of the 12^ per cent solution of the Bureau tuberculin, for an adult 
animal of medium size. In our work we have found the Bureau tuber- 
culin to be a little stronger than the German tuberculin. + 

The point at which the injection is made seems immaterial. The 
most convenient place is the side of the neck where the skin is thin, 
and a large, strong needle gives much more satisfaction than a small, 
line one. 

After the injection the temperature should again be taken in eight 
or ten hours, and from then on every two hours until a decided reac- 
tion, continuous during several hours, has occurred, or until eighteen 
or twenty hours have passed since the time of the injection. 

In the Soldiers' Home herd the temperature, which commenced to 
rise before the tenth hour, generally remained elevated from ten to six- 
teen hours. The temperature, which remained practically equivalent 



■ The Journal of Comp. Mod. and Vet. Arch., xv (1894 ), p. 13. 
Quito recently other veterinarians have been using - very small doses. 



26 

to the temperature of the previous day until fourteen or sixteen hours 
after the injection, never rose high enough or retained its elevation 
long enough to be taken as a reaction. Nothing will be lost, therefore, 
by waiting ten hours before taking the first temperature after the 
injection, or by discontinuing to take the temperature after eighteen 
to twenty hours.* 

In a number of tests made by us for practical purposes only, the 
temperature of the cattle was taken before the injections every two 
hours, from 8a. m. to 8 p. m. The injections were made at 10 p. m. and 
the temperature after the injections was again taken the following day 
at 8 a. m., and continued every two hours until 8 p. m. In the herds 
tested in this manner only the animals which gave reactions were 
killed, and thus far Ave have yet to meet the first case which reacted 
and did not show tuberculosis on post-mortem examination. 



PATHOLOGICAL PAET. 
By Theobald Smith. 



The post-mortem examinations of the sixty animals in this herd were 
made by the writer with the assistance of Drs. Kilborneand Schroeder. 
Great care was exercised in order that accurate information might be 
gained concerning the true significance of the results obtained with 
tuberculin published in the preceding pages. Incidentally, however, a 
number of interesting facts were observed, some of which have been 
casually mentioned by other writers, but without that emphasis which 
is due them as elucidating the channels of infection. Fortunately many 
of the animals were still in that stage of the disease which permitted 
the accurate determination of the original focus of infection. Autop- 
sies upon tuberculous cattle are made mainly when the tubercular virus 
has become pretty generally disseminated through the lymphatic glands 
and even over the serous membranes and through the various vital 
organs. A determination of the point in the body whence the virus 
has spread is, in many of these cases, out of the question. On the 
other hand, when the disease is in an incipient or quiescent stage it 
is hidden away in the lymphatic glands, and unless a thorough search 
is made through every gland in certain regions of the lymphatic sys- 
tem, the disease may be overlooked. This search is not likely to be 
made on general principles, f or it is exceedingly tedious, and not 
usually of any definite value iu diseases other than tuberculosis. 

The autopsies in the herd under investigation were limited to the 
head, the thorax, the abdomen, and the glands of the limbs. Owing to 
the amount of time spent in searching through the other parts of the 
body, the brain was not examined in all cases. Inasmuch as this 



* When very small closes of tuberculin are used these rules may not hold. 



organ is not likely to be primarily affected, and tuberculosis of the 
central nervous system is quite rare, the inferences and conclusions 
that may be drawn will not be affected by this omission. 

Before discussing the lesions more in detail I deem it desirable to 
call the attention of the reader to pages 139 and 140, which give, in 
tabulated form, the distribution of the disease in the body as shown 
by the organs and structures involved. The table needs no explana- 
tion beyond the statement that the entire distribution of the disease is 
given, 'nothing being omitted which came to light at the autopsy. The 
diagnosis, where any doubt existed, was made by the microscopic 
examination of sections. In several cases guinea-pigs were inoculated 
to test the vitality of the virus in cheesy material. 

The first thing that will strike the reader as remarkable in looking 
over these tables is the high percentage of infection in a herd in which 
not more than 5 or 6 showed evidence of disease. The concealed char- 
acter of the affection was not always limited to the verj T mild infections, 
but in some cases considerable lung disease remained unobserved dur- 
ing life. Of the 60 animals killed only 7, or about 12 per cent, were 
free from all traces of tuberculosis. In the remaining 53 the disease 
varied very much in intensity, ranging from the smallest, probably 
quiescent focus in one of the thoracic glands, to advanced tuberculosis. 

In order to present these cases more intelligibly I shall discuss, in 
the order named, (1) tuberculosis of the glands of the head and neck, 
(2) of the thoracic organs, and (3) of the abdominal organs. 

In the head the disease was restricted mainly to the retro-pharyn- 
geal glands (Glandulce tracheales sen cervicales superiores [profunda 1 ] ). 
These glands are easily reached after removing the tongue, and it is con- 
venient to remove them together with the tonsils for examination. 
From the table it will be seen that these glands were diseased in 9 
cases v 17 per cent). In 5 they contained the only foci discoverable. 
In the remaining 1 disease of other structures also was present. 
The submaxillary lymph glands were free in all cases. In one case 
(No. 315) the tonsils and one parotid lymph gland were tuberculous. 

The retro-pharyngeal glands, situated dorsad and to one side of the 
pharynx and larynx, receive the afferent lymphatic vessels from the 
parotid and the submaxillary lymph glands * and hence the territory 
drained by the lymphatic vessels, which finally enter these glands, 
includes the mucous membrane of the mouth and nose, in other words, 
of the entire portion of the respiratory and digestive tract lodged in 
the head and upper portion of the neck. 

In the five cases in which tuberculosis of the retropharyngeal glands 
was the only discoverable focus (is"os. 309, 315, 329, 341, and 352), the 
tubercle bacillus must have been carried from the mucous membrane of 
the mouth, nose, tonsil, or pharynx into the gland. We do not know, 
therefore, whether the virus was deposited from respired air or taken 



* Encyklopaclie der gesammten Thierheilkunde. vi, 216. 



28 

in with the food. Infection of these glands, however, is generally 
regarded as introduced \\ith the food. In case of No. 337 there was 
also lung disease, and it is impossible to determine whether the infec- 
tion was primary or due to bacilli coughed up from the lungs. The 
same may be sahl of No. 343. 

In No. 3G3, on the other hand, the infection of this gland was proba- 
bly independent of the infection of the thoracic glands. The number 
of cases of tuberculosis which may be overlooked, if these glands are 
not examined, is by no means insignificant. In the herd under discus- 
sion the 5 animals affected with primary tuberculosis of the glands of 
the head (about 9 per cent) did not manifest during life any difficulties 
in breathing. In fact, the glands had not become large enough to 
cause any obstruction to respiration or deglutition. 

The disease in the thoracic organs is of considerable interest to us, 
for it confirms the statement made by other observers that most cases 
of bovine tuberculosis are of pulmonary origin. This means that 
tubercle bacilli are taken up mainly in the dried condition and carried 
by currents of air as dust into the ramifications of the air tubes. 

A glance at the table shows that out of fifty-three cases of tubercu- 
losis, forty-seven, or 88.0 per cent, were affected with tuberculosis of 
organs situated in the chest. The disease involved one or all of the 
following structures: Bronchial glands, mediastinal glands, lung tissue 
(including air tubes), pleura. 

The distribution of the lesions is of considerable interest. The lungs 
themselves were affected in 20 animals, while the other 27 had lesions 
in either bronchial or posterior mediastinal glands, or both, without 
lung disease. Taking it for granted at present that in nearly all cases 
the tubercle bacilli which are lodged in the bronchial and mediastinal 
glands have passed through the lungs, the great predominance of pul- 
monary infection, as compared with other channels of infection in this 
herd, becomes evident. 

It is of considerable importance to note that of 47 animals having 
tuberculous lesions in the thorax, 27 had only gland tuberculosis. If, 
in other words, the lungs only had been examined and the lymph 
glands associated with them neglected, either in part or as a whole. 48 
per cent of the cases would have been passed as free from tuberculosis. 
In a few of these, however, the mesenteric glands were likewise affected, 
so that some might have been detected from these foci. 

Turning to infection, by way of the digestive tract., we may note at 
the outset that of the 53 infected animals only one had tuberculous 
lesions of the mucous membrane of the small intestine. In this case 
(No. 338) tuberculosis had become generalized over the entire lym- 
phatic system, the lungs were almost completely converted into tuber- 
culous masses and the serous membranes of thorax and abdomen were 
studded with them. The animal was very weak and lying down most 
of the time shortly before it was killed. Nevertheless, there was no 



29 

macroscopic evidence of generalized tuberculosis, for the parenchyma of 
liver, spleen, and kindneys was free from visible tuberculous lesions. 
The intestinal infection consisted of an infiltration of all Peyer's patches, 
followed by marked thickening of the walls and subsequent ulceration. 
The borders of the excavated patches were thickened until the latter 
assumed a decided boat-shaped outline. The mesenteric glands were 
very large and completely caseous. 

Infection by way of the intestinal tract was indicated in fourteen cases 
by tuberculosis of a smaller or larger number of mesenteric glands. 

To these should be added three cases in which only the portal system 
was infected and in which the infection probably came from the diges- 
tive tract. There were, therefore, in all eighteen cases with tuberculous 
lesions, resulting from an entrance of the bacilli by way of the intestines. 
The question whether this infection was primary, or secondary to dis- 
ease of the lungs is worthy of consideration and may be partially 
answered by an examination of the individual cases. 

In the severe case with tuberculous ulceration of Peyer's patches 
the tubercle bacilli probably came from the lungs. That they were 
discharged in abundance was demonstrated by the condition of the 
larynx and trachea. The mucous membrane of this tube was densely 
packed with tubercles, so as to form a compact elevated layer. The 
tubercle bacilli coughed up from the lungs produced tuberculosis of the 
trachea and when swallowed the bacilli attacked the intestinal walls. 
Among the remaining seventeen cases there are some (Nos. 307, 335, 
347, 348, 355, and 358) in which the infection must be regarded either 
as independent of or simultaneous with the chest affection, since it 
would be impossible to explain how tubercle bacilli could travel from 
a closed focus in the bronchial and mediastinal glands to the mesenteric 
or the portal glands, and to them only. 

There is but one case (No. 333) in which there was intestinal infec- 
tion without lung infection. 

The cases that still remain are all associated with disease of the lungs 
(Nos. 303, 306, 311, 314, 318, 324, 330, 337, 339, and 362). In these the 
infection of the mesenteric glands and the liver may have been contem- 
poraneous with the lung infection. Of the tubercle bacilli introduced 
into the body at the same time some may have found their way into the 
digestive tract, others into the lungs. A perusal of the autopsy notes 
will show, however, that, at least in some of these cases, the intestinal 
infection is more recent and much less pronounced than the lung infec- 
tion, and may have been brought about by swallowing tuberculous 
matter coughed up from the air tubes. 

The infection of the liver or the lymph glands at the hilus, already 
mentioned above, was observed in nine cases. In six of these the infec- 
tion of the liver was associated with tuberculosis of the mesenteric 
glands, and hence it is reasonable to regard them as both originating 
in the digestive tract. Of the three cases remaining, two showed tuber- 



30 

culosis of the glands at the hilus, and in one the liver contained a large 
tuberculous focus. These were probably of intestinal origin, for the 
infection of the body as a whole was either very slight (Nos. 307, 335) 
or else traceable to pulmonary disease (No. 324). 

The infection by way of the lungs was, therefore, much more preva- 
lent in this herd than infection by way of the intestines, the ratio being 
as 2.0 to 1, even if we regard all the cases of intestinal infection as 
primary, which I think no one will concede. In fact, the ratio is prob- 
ably nearer 3 to 1. 

A point very important from the standpoint of prevention is the con- 
dition of the bacilli when entering the body. Primary lung infection 
can not take place unless the bacilli are inspired with the air. They 
must, therefore, be dried and carried as dust. Hence in 88.0 per cent 
of the cases the infection, either as a whole or in part, was caused by 
dried bacilli capable of floating in the air. 

The udder was found free from tuberculous deposits in all cases. In 
one, however (No. 303), there were large caseous foci in the pubic or 
udder lymph glands. These are evidence of a former infection of the 
udder itself. Taking this and all other cases of equal severity into 
consideration I am inclined to look upon this infection as internal in 
origin, that is, carried to the udder in the blood from some other focus, 
and not as a result of infection from without. There was no sign of 
uterine infection in any animal.* In several cases of advanced 
tuberculosis of the appendages' of uterus (ovaries and Fallopian tubes) 
and slight tuberculosis of the uterus itself which have come under my 
observation during the past three or four years the infection evidently 
traveled from the peritoneum, which was extensively diseased in such 
animals. 

A summary of the disease in this herd, grouped with regard to the 
distribution of the lesions, is presented in the following table: 

Total number of animals in the herd examined 60 

Total number of animals infected (88 per cent) 53 

Number in which retropharyngeal glands only were affected 5 

Total number in which retropharyngeal glands were affected 9 

Number in which disease of the thoracic organs was detected 47 

Number in which lungs were affected 20 

Number in which thoracic glands but not the lungs were diseased 27 

Number in which only bronchial glands were affected 5 

Number in which only mediastinal glands were affected 5 

Number in which lungs diseased and glands healthy 1 

Number with exclusively thoracic lesions (air infection) 26 

Number in which digestive tract, including head glands, affected 26 

Number in which intestinal walls were affected 1 

Number in which mesenteric glands were affected 16 

Number in which portal glands were affected ] 

Number in which mesenteric and not portal glands affected 10 

v The very advanced case (No. 338) was not examined with reference to this 
organ. 



31 

Number in which portal and not mesenteric glands affected 4 

Number in which parenchyma of liver involved 2 

Number in which serous membranes affected 2 

Number in which udder glands affected 1 

SUMMARY OF TUBERCULIN REACTION AND AUTOPSY NOTES. 

[The clinical notes and the tuberculin reactions were supplied by Drs. Kilborne and Scbxoeder. 
For the autopsy notes Dr. Smith is responsible.] 

No. 301. — Cow, three-fourths Holstein, 4 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Calved 
summer of 1892 ; still giving milk. Pregnant since August 21, 1892. Condition good. 

February 2, 1893 : 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. ; 6 to 7 p. m., periods 
of trembling observed. Feces' softened and passed more frequently than usual. 
Before injection, minimum temperature, 100.1° (10 a. m.) ; maximum, 102° (3 p. m.). 
After injection, minimum temperature, 101.2° (1 p. m.) ; maximum reached in twelve 
hours, 106.8° (9 p.m.). (For complete record seep. 60.) 

March 21, 1893: Midnight, second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.7° (4 p. m.);* after injection, reached in sixteen 
hours, 106.5° (4 p. m.). (For conrplete record see p. 69.) 

March 24, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: All the bronchial and posterior mediastinal glands infected. 
The disease appears as foci of grayish infiltration in which are delicate networks of 
yellowish lines (necrosis). The foci are up to one-half inch in diameter and all 
appear to be in about the same stage. 

Lungs : Trachea and bronchi free from any visible tuberculous changes. 

Abdomen : One mesenteric gland contains a focus about three-eighths inch in 
diameter completely transformed into gritty particles. 

One gland at the portal fissure contains a tuberculous focus about one-half inch 
in diameter in which the disease process is perhaps somewhat farther advanced than 
in the bronchial glands. 

No. 302.— Holstein cow, 5 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Calved July, 1892; 
still giving milk. Pregnant since September 30, 1892. Condition good. 

February 2, 1893: 9 a.m. first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. ; 5 to 10 p.m., pulse 
fuller and stronger than before injection. Eespiration somewhat accelerated. Feces 
softened. Before injection, minimum temperature, 100° (9 a.m.); maximum, 102.2° 
(4 p. m.). After injection, minimum temperature, 101° (1 p. m.); maximum, 
reached in ten hours, 107.4° (7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 60.) 

March 21, 1893: Midnight, second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22: 10 a. m., periods of slight- trembling observed. Before injection, maxi- 
mum temperature, 102.2° (6 p. m. ); after injection, reached in twelve hours, 106.8° 
(12 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

March 24, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

A utojmj.— Thorax: The caudal two-fifths of right caudal lobe of lungs completely 
tuberculous. The disease appears- most advanced along the cephalic border of tLe> 
involved mass. Here the lung tissue is transformed into soft caseous masses con- 
taining some gritty particles, which are over one-half inch in diameter and inclosed 
in connective tissue capsules. Toward the caudal extremity of the lobe the foci 
are yellowish, necrotic, but not yet broken down, excepting in a few cases. The 
bronchus contains a few soft grayish and some caseous tubercles breaking through 
the mucosa. There are several cheesy masses lying free on the mucosa. At bifur- 
cation there are two irregular spots on the mucosa of trachea one-half inch in 
diameter, made up of young and caseous tubercles. 



*In giving the hour of minimum and maximum temperature when the same occurs 
more than once the hour of first occurrence is aiven. 



A second focus of disease is found embedded in the left caudal lobe. It consists of 
a soft caseous mass about one-half inch in diameter without any surrounding recent 
infiltration and not in direct relation with any air tube. 

The most caudal of the posterior mediastinal glands is from six to ten times the 
normal size and contains upwards of fifty tuberculous foci, from one-eighth to one- 
half inch in diameter. They are all necrotic but not yet softened. Only one of 
the bronchial glands contains a focus about three-eighths inch in diameter, which 
is in the same stage as those in the mediastinal glands. 

Xo. 303. — Holstein cow, 5 years old. Weight, 950 pounds. Calved July, 1892; 
still giving milk. Pregnant since December 2, 1892. Condition good, but has an 
occasional hackiug cough. 

December 7, 1892, 6 a. m. : First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.5- (8 a. m.); after injection, reached in ten hours, 
107° (4 p. in.). (For complete record, seep. 59). 

February 2, 1893, 9 a. m. : Second injection, 0. 25 cc. tuberculin S. From 10 p. 
in. February 2 to 5 a. m. February 3 the respiration was more or less labored and 
the cough more frequent. Feces softened, and passed more frequently than usual. 
Before injection, minimum temperature, 99° (10 a. m.); maximum, 102° (4 p. m.). 
After injection, minimum temperature, 100.3° (12 a.m.); maximum, reached in 
eleven hours, 105.6° (8p, m.). (For complete record see p. 60). 

March 18, 1993 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Udder: In one of the lymph glands on the right half of the udder four 
tuberculous foci, varying from one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter. The glands 
of the left half of the udder contain a number of tuberculous foci, from one-fourth 
to 1 inch in diameter. All contain a mortar-like substance, with many gritty par- 
ticles, and appear to be of the same age. The udder itself does not show any disease. 

Thorax: The lungs are more or less affected. In the right there area few nod- 
ules in the cephalic lobe; in the caudal lobe a mass as large as a hen's e,ng, and the 
entire caudal half involved. In the left lung there is one small nodule in cephalic 
lobe, three foci fully one-half inch in diameter in the ventral lobe. The caudal 
lobe is affected very much like its corresponding right lobe. The various foci are 
situated chietly along the median dorsal border of the lungs. The contents of the 
foci are mainly soft, cheesy in character, the individual masses reaching the size of 
a hen's egg. 

Bronchial and posterior mediastinal glands are enlarged and contain caseous foci 
one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter, embedded in a considerable quantity of 
hyperplastic tissue. The anterior mediastinals contain a few small nodules. 

Abdomen: The mesenteric glands are likewise involved. The foci are caseous but 
still partially firm in texture, and vary from one-eighth to one-half inch in diame- 
ter. Small intestine normal. 

The glands at the portal fissure are enlarged and contain caseous nodules. 

Xo. 304. — Holstein cow, 5 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Calved -Inly, 1892, and 
is giving milk. Pregnant since September 19, 1892. Condition very good. 

December 7, 1892 : First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, maxi- 
mum temperature, 102.2° (6 p.m.); after injection, 102. 6 U (6 p.m.). (For complete 
record see p. 59. ) 

February 2. 1893, 9 a. m. : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, minimum temperature. 98.6°* (9 a. in.) ; maximum, 102.3° (4 p. in.). After injec- 
tion, minimum temperature, 101.2° (1 p.m.); maximum, 102.6° (6 p.m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 60.) 

April 21, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — No tuberculosis. 



* The low initial morning temperature in a few cases was probably due to the fact 
that the cattle were turned into the yard, where they had access to cold water, just 
before the experiment commenced. 



33 

No. 305. — Holstein cow, 5 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. Calved October 23, 
1892, and is giving milk. Pregnant. Condition good. 

February 2, 1893, 9 a.m.: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 99.4° (9 a. m.) maximum; 101.8° (3 p.m.) After injection, 
minimum temperature, 100.7° (1 p.m.); maximum, 102.8° (5 p.m.). (For complete 
record see p. 61. ) 

March 21, 1893, midnigbt: Second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in sixteen hours, 
103° (4 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 101.6° (6 p.m.) : after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
103.6° (5 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 74.) 

June 29, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — No traces of tuherculosis discoverable. 

No. 306. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 6 years old. Weight, 950 pounds. Calved 
summer of 1892 ; is giving milk. Pregnant since November 3, 1892. 

December 7, 1893, 6 a. m. : First injection. 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.6° (8 a.m.) ; after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 
106° (8 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 59.) 

February 2, 1893, 9 a. m. : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, minimum temperature, 99.6° (10 a. m.); maximum,102.2° (8 a.m.). After injec- 
tion, minimum temperature, 100.4° (1 p.m.); maximum, reached in thirteen hours, 
106.4° (10 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 61.) 

March 21, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy.— Thorax : In the caudal extremity of the left caudal lobe, near the median 
border and not directly associated with any bronchus, is a tuberculous mass about 
1-J- inches in diameter. This mass consists of an aggregation of soft cheesy 
masses, each provided with a connective tissue capsule, and about one-fourth 
inch in diameter. In the bronchus of this lobe are three or four tuberculous excres- 
cences of the mucosa about three-sixteenths inch in diameter. In the most caudal 
of the posterior mediastinal glands, which is 5 inches long and 1^ inches wide at 
widest portion, there are a considerable number of tuberculous foci varying from 
one-sixteenth to one-half inch in diameter. Several are almost entirely calcareous. 
The remainder are in a stage indicative of rapid hyperplasia and necrosis. In 
another gland of the same series near the bifurcation of the trachea, as well as 
in one of the bronchial glands, there are three or four similar foci. 

Abdomen : In many of the mesenteric glands there are minute tubercles with case- 
ous centers, from one to four in a gland, mainly in the cortex. Scattered through 
the liver tissue chiefly under capsule are small yellowish nodules about one-eighth 
inch in diameter, probably of parasitic origin. 

No. .307.— Cow, half Holstein, 4 years old. Weight, 800 pounds. Calved October 
14, 1892, and is giving milk. Pregnant. Condition good. 

February 2, 1893 : 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. ; 8 to 9 p. m., marked 
trembling. Respiration more or less labored. Feces much softened. 

Before injection, minimum temperature, 100.8° (4 a. m.) ; maximum, 102.4° (4 p. 
in.).. After injection, minimum temperature, 101° (1 p. m.) ; maximum, reached in 
twelve hours, 107.6° (9 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 61.) 

March 21, 1893: Midnight, second injection, 0.5 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22: 7 to 8 p. m., trembling, which becomes very marked about 8 p. m., and 
then gradually wears off. Feces softened. Before injection, maximum temperature 
103° (4 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 106.3° (2 p. m.). For 
complete record see p. 69.) 

April 4, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax : In the most caudal of the posterior mediastinal glands there are 
about five tuberculous foci ranging from one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter, 
2891— No. 7 3 



34 

Tliey consist of grayish translucent tissue in which is disseminated a network of 
yellowish lines. One contains a minute calcareous nucleus. 

Abdomen : In some mesenteric glands are worm tubercles containing an earth- 
colored mass. 

One of the portal glands contains three tuberculous foci of same character as those 
in mediastinal gland. The contents are dry and in part calcareous. 

No. 308.— Holstein heifer, 2 years old. Weight, 500 pounds. Has never been 
served by bull. Condition fairly good. 

February 2, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin 8. Before injection, 
minimum temperature 101° (1 p. m.); maximum, 102.3° (4 p. m.). After injection, 
minimum temperature 101.1° (12 a. m.); maximum, reached in ten hours, 104.6° 
(7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 61. ) 

March 21, 1893: Midnight, second injection, 0.35 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.2° (7 p. m.), after injection, reached in nine hours, 
103° (9 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

May 25, 1893: Midnight, third injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 102.4° (6 p. m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
103° (6 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 74.) 

June 5, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Jutopsy. — The ouly focus of tuberculosis in this animal is contained in a mediasti- 
nal lymphatic gland situated on the dorsal aspect of the trachea at the branching 
off of the bronchus going to the right cephalic lobe of the lungs. The focus consists 
of a soft, cheesy, partly gritty mass about oue-half inch in diameter. The surround- 
ing tissue is not infiltrated, the gland only slightly enlarged. 

No. 309. — Heifer, a mixture of Jersey and Holstein, 2 years old. Weight, 500 
pounds. Pregnant since January 22, 1893. Condition fairly good. 

February 2, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. ; 6 to 8 p. m., 
marked trembling, especially violent about 7 p. m. Before injection, minimum 
temperature 100° (10 a. m.); maximum, 102.4° (5 p. m.). After injection, minimum 
temperature 101° (12 a. m.), maximum, reached in eleven hours, 104.8° (8 p. m.). 
(For complete record see p. 62.) 

March 21, 1893: Midnight, second injection, 0.35 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tiou, maximum temperature 102.4° (4 p. vol.); after injection reached in sixteen 
hours, 104° (4 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

May 25, 1893: Midnight, third injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 102° (8 a. m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
102.6° (6 p..m.). (For complete record see p. 74.) 

June 5, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Jutopsy. — Left retropharyngeal gland enlarged to twice its normal size. On sec- 
tion the parenchyma appears of a more or less uniformly yellowish gray color, and 
in it are imbedded a considerable number of calcareous particles one-twelfth to one- 
eighth inch in diameter. The corresponding right gland is larger than normal, but 
on distinct tubercular changes are detected in it. 

No. 310. — Jersey heifer, 18 months old. Weight, 350 pounds. Has never been 
served by bull. Condition fairly good. 

February 2, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.125 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, minimum temperature 100° (9 a. m.); maximum, 102.8° (8 a.m.). After 
injection, minimum temperature, 102° (12 a. m.); maximum, reached in nine hours, 
105.8° (6 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 62.) 

March 21, 1893 : Midnight, .second injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature 102.6° ^4 p. m.); after injection, reached in sixteen 
hours, 106° (4 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

April 4, 1893 : Killed for examination. 



35 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In the most caudal of the posterior mediastinal glands are 
two tuberculous centers. One is one-half to three-fourths inch in diameter and 
made up of irregi^ar gritty particles up to one-eighth inch in diameter, embedded 
in a translucent grayish matrix.- The second focus is likewise calcareous. Between 
the two are pale yellowish necrotic foci about one-eighth inch in diameter, some 
with a central calcareous particle. 

In the gland situated dorsal! y on the trachea at the root of the bronchus going to 
right cephalic lobe there are a considerable number of foci varying from one-eighth 
to one-fourth inch in diameter, the larger calcareous. 

No. 311. — Cow, half Holstein, 7 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Is giving milk. 
Pregnant since August 24, 1892. 

December 7, 1892: 6 a. m., first injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 102.5° (8 a.m.); after injection, reached in twelve hours, 
106° (6 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 59.) 

March 16,1893: 9 a. m., second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. ; 9 to 10 p. m., 
slightly trembling. Before injection, minimum temperature 100° (9 a. m.); maxi- 
mum, 102.4 U (5 p. m.). After injection, minimum temperature, 100.2° (11 a. m.); 
maximum, reached in fourteen hours, 106.6° (11p.m.). (For complete record see 
p. 62.) 

March 21, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax : On caudal border of right cephalic lobe, extending inward from 
free margin for about 11 inches, is a tuberculous focus 1 inch thick, visible on both 
lung surfaces and projecting above both surfaces in the collapsed condition of the 
lung. This focus is situated beUveen the two main branches of the bronchus sup- 
plying the lobe. A smaller branch may be traced into it. It consists of a number 
of small foci up to one-half inch in diameter, made up of soft putty-like cheese, 
with a central, slightly firmer core, the whole imbedded in fairly firm, not very 
abundant, connective tissue. Some of the foci are not yet broken down and consist 
of a yellowish, necrotic center and a grayish, translucent periphery. No calcification 
is observed. A small segment of the lung tissue on median border of this focus is in 
a state of tuberculous infiltration of more recent date. The bronchial tubes of this 
lobe are free from abnormal contents. The mediastinal gland, situated dorsally near 
right supernumerary bronchus, contains one large focus over one-half inch in diam- 
eter, made up of a yellowish, rather soft, cheesy mass. A second focus in the same 
gland is nearly as large as the first, and contains, in addition to dry, yellowish, 
cheesy material, a calcareous mass, one-eighth inch in diameter. Besides these, the 
more or less hyperplastic gland substance contains six or more small necrotic foci. 

Abdomen : In the mesenteric glands a few small caseous tubercles are present. 

No. 812. — Holstein cow, 6 years old. Weight, 800 pounds. Is giving milk. Preg- 
nant since January 2, 1893. 

March 16, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. ; 4:30 p. m., slight 
trembling, which becomes so violent by 5 :30 p. m. that it interferes with counting the 
pulse. This trembling does not cease entirely until 12 p.m. at 8 p.m. feces con- 
siderably softened, each passage followed by straining. Very little of the usual 
allowance of hay eaten during the evening. Before injection, minimum temperature, 
99.8° (10 a.m.); maximum, 103° (4 p.m.). After injection, minimum temperature, 
100.4° (11 a.m.); maximum reached in nine hours, 105.2° (6 p.m.). (For complete 
record see p. 62.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (4 p. m. ) ; after injection, reached in eleven hours, 
104.8° (11 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

April 28, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In the cephalic lobe of the right lung on the median border is 
a small focus of disease about 1 inch in diameter. A small bronchus leads to it and 



36 

near the focus its mucosa is sprinkled with grayish tubercles. The affected lung 
tissue contains much connective tissue inclosing calcareous foci. There are very few 
apparently fresh tubercles. 

The posterior mediastinal glands are all affected. The most caudal of the series is 
considerably enlarged, and contains five dry, largely calcareous foci up to one-half 
inch in diameter. There is, in addition, in one end of the gland a considerable 
development of fresh, grayish tubercles; the same is true of the opposite end of the 
gland. The second gland of the series contains a small, calcareous focus about one- 
eighth inch in diameter. The third gland, about 1 inch in diameter, contains three 
or more similar fuci. Its exterior is more or less nodulated and retracted. The 
fourth gland contains two similar foci and some recent infiltration. The fifth is in 
the same condition as the fourth. The sixth gland contains two similar foci. These 
glands are moderately enlarged. The bronchial gland, situated on the root of the 
left bronchus is about H inches in diameter, of slightly irregular outline, and con- 
tains in its center a partly calcareous focus one-balf inch in diameter and several 
small foci of more recent origin. The other bronchial glands are also involved. 

Abdomen : On the peritoneal aspect of the diaphragm and attached to the reticu- 
lum is a tumor about li inches in diameter, containing a small quantity of creamy 
pus within a dense connective tissue capsule, and surrounded by a considerable quan- 
tity of gelatinous-looking connective tissue (traumatism due to foreign body from 
reticulum). 

No. 313. — Cow, fifteen- sixteenths Holstein, G years old. Is giving milk. Pregnant 
since November 25, 1892. 

March 16, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 9 p. m., periods 
of slight trembling observed. 10:20 p. m., the trembling is very marked, but ceases 
by 11 p. m. The long hay not eaten this evening. 

March 17, 2 a. m. : Several periods of slight trembling. Before injection, minimum 
temperature, 99.4° (10 a. m.) ; maximum, 102.3° (4 p. m.) After injection, minimum 
temperature, 100.6° (11 a. m.) ; maximum, reached in fourteen hours, 106.6° (11 p. m.). 
(For complete record see p. 63.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.4° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in thirteen 
hours, 104.4° (1 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

April 7, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The only tuberculous lesions found in this animal are two soft masses, 
about one-half inch in diameter, in the bronchial gland at the root of the left 
bronchus. 

With a small quantity of this caseous material 2 guinea-pigs were inoculated sub- 
cutaneously. 

One killed two and one-half months after inoculation showed an ulcer at the place 
of inoculation and the neighboring lymphatics caseous. The spleen and liver con- 
tained masses of tubercles, the retrogastric and the bronchial glands were enlarged 
and necrotic. 

The second, killed in a dying condition three months after inoculation, showed 
very extensive tuberculous changes in liver, spleen, and lungs. 

In the cow there is considerable enlargement of all thoracic lymph glands, prob- 
ably due to traumatic pneumonia, resulting from the passage of a foreign body from 
the reticulum through the diaphragm. 

On the serous aspect of the reticulum there is a patch of gelatinous tissue, about 
6 by 8 inches square and from one-half to 1 inch thick, attaching it to diaphragm. 
The nearest lymph glands of the paunch are enlarged and contain creamy pus. In 
the thorax the right ventral lobe is enlarged, very firm, and adherent to ribs and 
diaphragm. A tubular connective tissue passage extends from diaphragm into the 
affected lobe. The phrenic end is now closed. When this passage was cut a milky 
pus of penetrating but not offensive odor flowed out from a cavity in the affected 



37 

lung tissue about as large as a hen's egg. The firmness of the surrounding lung 
tissue is due mainly to inflammatory thickening of the interlobular and subpleural 
tissue. This is most pronounced on the periphery of the cavity, where it forms a 
thick capsule and decreases gradually from it. The cut surface of the lung tissue 
presents a marbled appearance in consequence of this condition. 

2fo. 314.— Jersey cow, 6 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Is giving milk. Preg- 
nant since September 7, 1892. 

December 7, 1892, 6 a.m. : First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.5° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 
106° (8 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 59.) 

March 16, 1893: 9 a. m., second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 10:30 j>. m., res- 
piration quite short and quick. Very little of the long hay eaten. Feces much 
softened. Before injection, minimum temperature 99° (9 a.m.); maximum, 102.6° 
(8 a.m.). After injection, minimum temperature, 100.8° (12 a.m.); maximum, 
reached in twelve hours, 107° (9 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 63.) 

March 18, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In the caudal lobe of right lung a triangular mass of tuber- 
culous infiltration about 2 inches in diameter, situated on the cephalic border. 

Costal pleura of the left side extending backward from the eighth rib is beset with 
a small number of isolated and confluent, in part pediceled, tubercles. 

In the cephalic lobe of the left lung two tuberculous foci, one about one-half inch 
in diameter, the other consisting of two nodules, each about one-fourth inch in 
diameter. 

In the caudal lobe of the left lung, near the center, a tuberculous mass of trian- 
gular outline, about 4 inches across and2| inches thick, tapering toward the lateral 
border of the lobe. 

The tuberculous foci consist of round, encapsuled masses from three-eighths to one- 
half inch in diameter. The contents, with some exceptions, are still quite firm, not 
easily disintegrated. Calcareous particles not present. They are surrounded by 
regions of hypersemic lung tissue infiltrated with small, partly caseous tubercles or 
else with lungtissue of nearly normal appearance containing many miliary tubercles. 
The bronchi leading to the affected regions contain more or less viscid mucus. Oue 
leading to a focus more or less softened and broken down contains tubercles on the 
mucosa. 

Bronchial gland at root of left bronchus about 1-J inches in diameter. Contents 
putty-like, inclosed in a dense capsule in which are embedded small caseous tuber- 
cles. 

The large posterior mediastinal gland, 4 by 2 by 14- inches. Parenchyma caseous, 
as with bronchial gland. 

Abdomen: One of portal glands contains a small caseous focus about one-eighth 
inch in diameter. 

A few mesenteric glands contain small, in part caseous, tubercles. Glands not 
enlarged. 

No. 315. — Cow, half Holstei-n, 6 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Calved December 
2,1892; is giving milk. Has not been served by bull since calving. Condition good. 

March 16, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 8 p. m., occasional 
slight, sharp cough. 9 p. m., pulse quite strong, but the beats are short and sharp. 
Before injection, minimum temperature, 98.6° (9 a. in.); maximum, 102.4° (5 p. m.). 
After injection, minimum temperature, 100.8° (12 a. m.) ; maximum, reached in twelve 
hours, 106.8° (9 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 63.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (4 p. m.), after injection, reached in thirteen hours, 
105.2° (1 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 70.) 



38 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.5 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 103.1° (8 p. m. ) ; after injection, reached in twelve hours, 105.3° 
(12 a. m.). (For complete record see p. — . ) 

June 1, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Eight parotid lymph gland contains several tuberculous foci with cheesy 
contents embedded in a mass of firm connective tissue. These foci are each about 
one-fourth inch in diameter. Both retro-pharyngeal glands are enlarged, about2 by 
1 by -i inch in size, quite nodular in form. On section both glands are almost com- 
pletely converted iuto a mass of confluent tuberculous foci. Each focus is about 
one-fourth inch in diameter, with soft center of putty-like consistency and a rather 
firm connective tissue capsule. The disease in both glands is equally extensive and 
of about the same age. Both tonsils are enlarged and contain tuberculous foci. 
These appear as slightly elevated patches on the cut surface, firmer than the gland 
tissue and showing within their mass a network of small yellowish (necrotic) lines. 

No. 310. — Jersey cow, 6 years old. Is giving milk. Pregnant since September 
25, 1892. 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 100.8° (12 p. m.) ; maximum, 102.6° (4 p. m.). After injection, 
minimum temperature, 100.6° (11 a. m.) ; maximum, reached in fourteen hours. 106.2° 
(11 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 63.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 28, 9 to 10 a. m. : Stands with back very much arched and trembles quite 
violently. Before injection, maximum temperature, 103.1° (4 p. m.) ; after injection, 
reached in twelve hours, 106° (12 a. m.) (For complete record see p. 70.) 

April 7, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: A considerable number of tuberculous nodules iu the large pos- 
terior mediastinal gland, and in the mediastinal near arch of aorta. About a dozen 
yellowish nodules, one-sixteenth inch in diameter, in the bronchial gland at root of 
left bronchus. 

Abdomen: One small, doubtful nodule in a mesenteric gland. 

No. 317. — Heifer, fifteen-sixteenths Holsteiu, 3 years old. Weight, 500 pounds. 
Reported to have been served by bull every three weeks during the past six months 
without becoming pregnant. 

March 16, 1893 : 9 a. in., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 8 p. m., trembling, 
which becomes very violent at 9 p. m., and ceases about 11 p. m. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 100° (10 a.m.); maximum, 103° (5 p.m.). After injection, 
minimum temperature, 101.4° (12 a. m.); maximum, reached in eighteen hours, 
105.8° (3 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 64.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.8° (5 p. m.) ; after injection, 102.7° (1 p. m.). (For 
complete record see p. 70.) 

April 21, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The only lesion of tuberculous nature in this animal is found in the 
bronchial gland at the root of the left bronchus. This gland is enlarged and con- 
tains about six foci, some of which are about one-half inch in diameter. All are 
caseous and a few contain a considerable number of calcareous particles. 

In both kidneys the external surface is sprinkled over with small grayish spots up 
to one-twelfth inch in diameter. These correspond to streaks of the same color pen- 
etrating the cortex radially for a depth of one-eighteeuth to one-sixth inch. Organs 
otherwise normal. 

No. 318. — Heifer, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 1 year old. Weight, 500 pounds. 
March 16, 1893: 9 a. m., first injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 6:30 to 7 p. m., occa- 
sional periods of trembling. Hay only partly eaten. Before injection, minimum 



39 

temperature, 98.6° (10 a. ni.j; maximum, 103.2° (8 a.m.). After injection, minimum 
temperature 101.4° (12 a.m.) ; maximum, reached in ten hours, 107.4° (7p.m.). (For 
complete record see p. 64.) 

March 27, 1893: The temperature was taken for another injection, hut owing to a 
rise from 102° at 8 p. m. to 105° at 11 p. m., due to an unknown cause, the injection 
was postponed. 

March 28: The temperature was 104.8° at 7 a. m., 103.5° at 8 a. m., and 102° at 9 
a. m., after which it continued normal. Excepting the elevation in temperature the 
animal was apparently in good health. (See also No. 357.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight :• Second injection. 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. 

April 13, 9:20 a. m. : Periods of slight trembling. Before injection, maximum 
temperature, 103.4° (5 p.m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 107.2° (5 
p. m). (For complete record see p. 70.) 

April 14, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In the right caudal lobe a tuberculous region about 4 inches 
long and 2 inches in diameter. This consists almost entirely of soft caseous masses 
embedded in a conglomerate of rather thin-walled, connective-tissue capsules. 
Only on the periphery the lung tissue is still recognizable as such. The surrounding 
lung tissue is free from recent infiltration. Trachea and bronchus of affected lobe 
free from tuberculous changes. Some cheesy masses found, in which tubercle 
bacilli were searched for with negative result. Posterior mediastinal glands consoli- 
dated into a mass 8 to 10 inches long and 3 inches in diameter at the center. This 
glandular mass is found on section to be grayish yellow in color and penetrated by 
a dense network of yellowish lines. The bronchial glands are free with one excep- 
tion. This contains a single yellowish, caseous focus. 

Abdomen: One of the mesenteric glands contains a single recent focus about one- 
eighth inch in diameter. 

In one of the portal glands two gritty foci one-eighth and one-fourth inch in diam- 
eter. 

No. 319. — Heifer, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 1 year old. Weight, 500 pounds. 
Has never been served by bull. 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, mini- 
mum temperature, 99° (11 a. m.) ; maximum, 103.3° (5 p. in.). After injection, mini- 
mum temperature 100.8° (12 a. in.); maximum, 102.8° (9 p. m.). (For complete 
record see p. 64.; 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 103° (6 p. m.); after injection, 103° (7 p. m.). fcFor 
complete record see p. 70.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. Before iujection, 
maximum temperature, 103.6° (6 p. m.) ; after injection, 102.9° (6 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 74.) 

July 3, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In the left bronchial gland there are three small tuberculous foci largely 
calcareous. Eecent surrounding infiltration absent. Slight adhesions of cephalic 
end of liver to surrounding structures. 

No. 320. — Heifer, mixture of Jersey and Holstein, 2£ years old. Weight, 700 
pounds. Pregnant since February 15, 1893. Previous to this she had been served 
by the bull every three weeks for five or six months without conceiving. 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 98.8° (9 a.m.); maximum, 102.6° (5 p.m.); after injection, 
minimum temperature, 99.8° (12 a. m.) ; maximum, reached in fourteen hours, 104.2° 
(11 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 64.) 

March 27, 1893. midnight : Second injection, 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (4 p. m.) ; after injection, 102.6° (1 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 70.) 



40 

May 25, 1893, midnight : Third injection. 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maxi niinn temperature, 102° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
103.4° (5 p.m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

June 15, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy negative. 

No. 321. — Jersey heifer, 3 years old. Pregnant since September 19, 1892. 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 100.4° (12 a. m.); maximum, 102.2° (6 p. m.). After injec- 
tion, minimum temperature, 100.8° (1 p. m.); maximum, reached in fourteen hours, 
103.4° (11 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 65.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.5° (6 p. m.); after injection, 102° (5 p. m.). (For 
complete record see p. 70.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
102.7° (6 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 74.) 

June 29, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Traces of tuberculosis not discoverable. Slight adhesions of cephalic 
end of liver to diaphragm. In this region on the free border a yellowish mass of 
liver tissue about one-half inch in diameter. The color is due to more or less com- 
plete fatty metamorphosis of the liver cells. 

No. ■!.'.'. — Jersey heifer, 1 year old. Weight, 450 pounds. Has never been served 
by bull. 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 99.6° (9 a. m.); maximum, 102.5° (9 p. in.). After injection, 
minimum temperature, 99° (12 a. m.) ; maximum, reached in fourteen hours, 103° (11 
p. m.). (For complete record seep. 65.) 

March 27, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (5 p.m.); after injection, reached in thirteen hours, 
104.2° (1 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 70.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.125 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.2 (6 p. m.); after injection, 102.8° (5 p.m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 74.) 

July 3, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In the large mediastinal gland there is one tuberculous focus situated 
near the cephalic end of the gland. It is about one-half inch in diameter and almost 
completely calcareous. The surrounding tissue is free from recent infiltration. 

No. 323.— Heifer, half Holstein, 21 years old. Weight, 750 pounds. Pregnant 
since September 26, 1892. 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature, 99.7° (9 a.m.); maximum, 103.5° (5 p. m.); after injection, 
minimum temperature, 100.4° (11 a. m.); maximum, reached in fourteen hours, 
106.4° (11 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 65. ) 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 103.4° (5 p. in.); after injection, reached in thirteen 
hours, 105.2° (1 p. m.). For complete record see p. 70.) 

April 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In this animal the thoracic lymphatics only are involved. One bron- 
chial gland measures 2 by 1 inch and is completely converted into a soft caseous 
mass. Similarly, three out of four of the chain of posterior mediastinal glands are 
as large hens' eggs and completely caseous. Calcification absent. 

No. .i.'4.— Heifer, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 3 years old. Weight, 800 pounds 
Pregnant since Juue 16, 1892. 



41 

March 16, 1893, 9 a. m. : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Has not eaten any- 
thing during the evening or night. Before injection, minimum temperature, 100.5° 
(10 a.m.); maximum, 104° (5 p. m.); after injection, minimum temperature, 102.5° 
(12 a. m.); maximum, reached in eighteen hours, 105,8° (3 a. m.). (For complete 
record see p. 65.) 

March 17 : Gave birth to a dead calf, followed by partial retention of the after- 
birth. 

May 27, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 28, 7 to 8 a.m. : Periods of marked trembling. Before injection, maximum 
temperature, 102.8° (5 p. m). ; after injection, reached in ten hours, 107° (10 a.m.). 
(For complete record see p. 70.) 

April 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: The cephalic lobe of the right lung (cephalic half) is almost 
entirely involved in tuberculosis. Only a little tissue at the root of the bronchus 
and a few areas of the tip still air-containing. The lesion is an intermingling of 
soft caseous foci with surrounding, more recently infiltrated, lung tissue. The lobe 
appears as if made up of lumps of various sizes, owing to its collapsed state and the 
large size of the tuberculous masses. The bronchial mucosa is beset with a layer 
of recent tubercle eruptions near its root, and farther along yellowish flakes are 
found mingled with mucus. 

The bronchial glands are all enlarged, the infiltrated parenchyma more or less 
caseous and containing gritty particles. One of these is as large as a goose egg and 
contains a number of rather small cheesy nodules. 

The posterior mediastinal glands likewise contain caseous foci. The process 
appears less extensive here than in the bronchial. 

Abdomen : One of the portal glands contains a tuberculous mass about one-half 
inch in diameter. This is still firm, yellowish, necrotic, and is surrounded by a thick 
capsule. The center contains calcareous particles. 

On the convex surface of the liver is a flatfish tuberculous mass about three-fourths 
inch square, elevated above the liver surface about one-eighth inch. On section it 
is found one-half inch thick, dipping beneath the surface of the liver ; the center soft, 
caseous; the periphery firm, grayish translucent. 

No. 325. — Grade Holstein cow, 6 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Calved March 
1, 1893, and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4° cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (7 p. m.) ; after injection, 102° (5 p. m.). (For complete 
record see p. 66.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (6 p.m.); after injection, 103° (5 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 70.) 

Not killed. 

No. 326. — Grade Holstein cow, 6 years old. Weight, 900 pounds. Calved Febru- 
ary 14, 1893, and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (8 a. m.) ; after injection, 102.8° (4 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 66.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103° (8 p. m.); after injection, 103.4° (3 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 70.) 

Not killed. 

No. 327. — Cow, 7 years old. Weight, 950 pounds. Calved during spring of 1892 
and is still giving milk. Supposed to be pregnant since December 9, 1892. 
March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 



42 

March 22, 9 a. m. : Feces semifluid, very much thinner than usual. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 103.2° (8 a. in.); after injection, 103.4° (4 p. m.). (For 
complete record see p. 66.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 
103.6° (2 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

Not killed. 

No. 328. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 4 years old. Weight, 900 pounds. 
Calved December 29, 1892, and is giving milk. Pregnant. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22, 9: 30 to 10 a. m. : Occasional periods of slight trembling. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102° (7 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in twelve hours, 
104.2° (12 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102 .-7° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in sixteen 
hours, 105.4° (4 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

May 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In one tonsil an abscess about one-half inch in diameter, the contained 
pus like starch paste in appearance. 

The tuberculous lesions were limited to the large posterior mediastinal gland. 
This is 5 by i by 1£ inches in size. Near one end there are 5 dry, mortar-like 
masses one-fourth to one-half inch in size inclosed in thin-walled capsules. No 
recent infiltration in the surrounding gland tissue. 

No. 329. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 3 years old. Weight, 700 pounds. 
Calved February 1, 1893, and has not been served by the bull since; is giving milk. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103° (6 p. m. ) ; after injection, reached in nine hours, 107.5° 
(9 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature 103.4° (4 p.m.); after injection, reached in ten hours, 
105.8° (10 a. m.) (For complete record see p. 71.) 

April 28, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In this animal the tuberculous lesions are limited to the retropharyn- 
geal glands. 

The right is as large as a small fist. The parenchyma has undergone diffuse 
necrosis. In the external layer of gland tissue are embedded a number of minute 
caseous tubercles. 

The other gland is 4 by lby 1\ inches in size. It feels as if made up of a large 
number of lumps. On section the foci are caseous and embedded in more or less 
connective tissue. There is also some diffuse necrosis of the parenchyma. 

No. 330.— Cow, 12 years old. Weight, 900 pounds. Calved October 14, 1892, and 
has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22, 9 : 30 to 10 : 30 a. m. : Very marked trembling. Feces somewhat softened 
and passed more frequently than usual. Before injection, maximum temperature, 
102.2° (7 p. m.); after injection, reached in twelve hours, 105.8° (12 a. m.). (For 
complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 

April 13, 8:40 a. m. : Frequent periods of marked trembling. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (8 a. m.) ; after injection, reached in eleven hours, 105.2° 
(11 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

April 25, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The only tuberculous lesion discoverable in this case was found in the 
gland at the root of the left bronchus, as a small yellowish focus about one-eighth 



43 

inch in diameter. In sections of hardened tissue it appears separated from the 
remainder of the gland by a thin connective tissue capsule. The central portion is 
necrotic, the peripheral portion made up largely of granulation tissue in which giant 
cells are quite sparsely disseminated. Tubercle bacilli were not detected. 

No. 331. — Holstein cow, 6 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. Calved January, 1892; 
is giving milk. Pregnant since September 22, 1892. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (6 p. in.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
106.2° (5 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 101.8° (8 a. m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
105.8° (6 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

April 18, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The only tuberculous lesion in this case is represented by a caseous focus 
about one-half inch in diameter, embedded in the caudal lobe of the left lung near 
median border. This focus is adjacent to a small bronchus and is associated with a 
tuberculous mass as large as a hemp seed. Scrapings from the inner wall of the 
capsule inclosing the caseous mass negative as regards tubercle bacilli. 

A guinea pig inoculated subcutaneously with some of the caseous mass died three 
months later. The autopsy showed extensive tuberculous changes in the liver and 
spleen and isolated caseous masses in the lungs. 

No. 332. — Holstein cow, 7 years old. Calved spring of 1892 and is still giving milk. 
Pregnant since August 27, 1892. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22, 10 a. m. : Feces slightly softened. Before injection, maximum tempera- 
ture, 102.4° (3p. m.) ; after injection, reached in twelve hours, 107.1° (12 a. m.). (For 
complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
106.2° (6 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

April 14, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The tuberculous lesions in this case were limited to one of the smaller 
posterior mediastinal glands. A portion of this gland on section had a pale 
grayish appearance, which on closer examination and especially after a short 
sojourn in alcohol, appeared made up of very minute tubercles. 

Sections of this region after hardening in alcohol were carefully examined. The 
suipicious focus was shown to consist of an aggregation of tubercles, each provided 
with one or more giant cells. In many of these from 1 to 3 tubercle bacilli 
could be demonstrated by Gabbett's stain. 

There is evidence of former inflammation of the serous membranes of thorax in 
slight but firm adhesion of various lobes of the lungs to each other, to the diaphragm 
and the pericardium. 

No. 333. — Jersey cow, 5 years old. Weight, 600 pounds. Calved, December 20, 1892, 
and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22, 9 a. m. : Feces semifluid, much thinner than usual. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (7 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in nine hours, 106.9° 
(9 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 66. ) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102.4° (8 a. in.); after injection, reached in thirteen 
hours, 105.6° (1 p. m.). (For complete record seep. 71.) 

April 18, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In this animal the tuberculous infection is limited to the abdominal 
cavity. 



44 

Mesenteric glands: Two are involved. One contains three foci, each about one- 
eighth iuch in diameter, two caseous and one calcareous. The other contains a 
partly caseous, partly calcareous, focus three-eighths inch in diameter, and one one- 
eighth inch in diameter. Several glands contain Avorni tubercles. 

Liver: Two portal glands are moderately enlarged. One contains three firm, dry, 
casoous foci, the other contains two quite small yellowish foci. 

In the large posterior lobe of the liver are two contiguous tuberculous foci 
embedded in the liver tissue and reaching the convex surface. Oue of these is fully 
3 inches long and 2 inches thick. The other is about 1 inch in diameter. They 
arc both made up of an abundance of dense connective tissue inclosing a large num- 
ber of small, partly caseous foci, some of which are one-fourth iuch in diameter. 
The diaphragm is adherent to the liver over these foci. 

In the region of the second stomach, between it and the diaphragm, there are 
firm adhesions occasioned by traumatic inflammation and suppuration. When the 
adhesions are severed, several masses of firm, almost cartilaginous tissue (indurated 
glands) ( ?) are found in this adherent area surrounded by more or less gelatinous infil- 
tration. The firm masses are softened centrally (abscesses). 

No. 384. — Holstein cow, 3 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. Calved September, 
1892; is giving milk. Pregnant since February 6, 1893. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First iujection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (3 p. m.); after injection, reached in fifteen hours, 
102.9° (3 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 101.8° (9 a.m.); after injection, reached in seventeen 
hours, 102.5° (5 p. m. ). (For complete record see p. 71. ) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (6 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
102.7° (5 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 74. ) 

July 6, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In the left bronchial gland a soft, caseous focus about one-half iuch in 
diameter situated iu the center of the gland. In the mediastinal gland near it, rest- 
ing loosely on the root of the left bronchus, a similar focus. (Unfortunately the tho- 
racic glands, removed for further examination in the laboratory, were rejected 
through some inadvertence. The remaining glands were of normal size, and if tuber- 
culous the foci must have been quite small.) 

No. 335.— Jersey cow, 5 years old. Weight, 700 pounds. Calved January 2S, 1893, 
and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22, 9:30 to 10:30 a. in.: Marked trembling. Before injection, maximum 
temperature, 102.2° (8 p. m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 107.8° 
(5 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberclin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (4 p. m.), after injection, reached in twelve hours, 105.2° 
(12 a.m.) (For complete record see p. 71.) 

April 25, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Left retropharyngeal gland is about 3i inches long and 1 to li inches 
thick, more or less nodular or tabulated. It contains an aggregation of soft, 
caseous foci from one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter. Foci in periphery of 
gland smaller and firmer than those centrally situated. 

Thorax: The large posterior mediastinal gland contains two small firm caseous 
foci; the contiguous gland contains about ten foci one-eighth to three-sixteenths 
inch in diameter. 

Of the bronchial glands the small one near the root of right main bronchus con- 
tains a firm caseous mass equal to one-half the bulk of the gland. 



45 

Abdomen : In one of the portal glands two firm, caseous masses about three- 
eighths inch in diameter. The liver tissue contains a few subcapsular nodules of 
parasitic origin. 

JS r o. 336.— Jersey cow, 8 years old. Weight, 800 pounds. Calved in spring of 1892, 
and is still giving milk. Not pregnant, and has not been served by bull since July 
25, 1892. 

March 21, 1893, midnight : First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.6° (7 p. m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
106° (5 p. m). (For complete record see p. 66.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (5 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
104.9° (5 p. m.) (For complete record see p. 71.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.35 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.9° (6 p. m.); after injection, reached in twenty hours, 
103.8° (8 p. m.) For complete record see p. 74.) 

June 1, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In the caudal lobe of right lung near the caudal extremity and 
about 3 inches from lateral border are three tuberculous foci in the lung tissue. 
One of these is situated on the periphery of a small bronchus and is about one-half 
inch in diameter, one section yellowish, the center broken down into a soft pus-like 
mass. The second focus is near the first, embedded in a lobule. Softening not yet 
begun. The third focus is nearer the first and is like second, but somewhat smaller. 
Near these on ventral surface of the lungs and directly under the same bronchus is 
a subpleural tuberculous mass resembling the second and third described. Slight 
yellowish mass in bronchus near these foci. The large posterior mediastinal gland 
is about 4 inches long and 1 to 1£ inches thick. On section fully one-half of the gland, 
especially the cortex, is involved and appears as a grayish mass in which there is an 
abundant network of yellowish lines and patches. Only one of the other medias- 
tinal glands shows distinct tuberculous infection. In caudal portion is contained a 
tuberculous mass about one-half by one-fourth inch in diameter, which is in the'same 
condition as gland just described. The bronchial glands are free from injection and 
quite markedly pigmented. 

Abdomen : One of the mesenteric glands contains a tuberculous mass 1 by -J- by 1 by f 
inches in size. On section this mass is oval in outline, sharply defined, firm. It con- 
sists of a close network of yellowish lines and patches, among which only a little 
grayish tissue is still visible. The process here seems slightly more advanced 
toward necrosis than in the thorax. Some worm nodules are also present in the 
mesenteric glands. 

No. 337.— Cow, 12 years old. Weight, 950 pounds. Calved in spring of 1892, still 
giving milk. Pregnant since September 15, 1892. 

March 21, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 22, 10 a. m. : Periods of slight trembling. Before injection, maximum tem- 
perature, 102.6° (8 p. m.); after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 105.5° (2 p. m.). 
(For complete record see p. 67.) 

April 12, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 

April 13, 10 to 10:30 a. m. : Occasional periods of slight trembling. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 102° (8 p.m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
105° (7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

April 14, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — A soft caseous mass in one of the retropharyngeal glands one-half inch 
in diameter. 

Thorax: In the principal lobe of the right lung a large tuberculous focus resem- 
bling closely that of No. 318 both as to the condition of the contents and the absence 
of any surrounding infiltration. The small air tube leading to it is occluded with 
yellowish cheesy material. Tubercle bacilli not detected in it. 



46 

One of the posterior mediastinal glands contains 4 caseous foci from one-fourth 
to one-half inch in diameter. The bronchial gland at root of left bronchus contains 
four quite small yellowish foci. 

Abdomen : Mesenteric glands involved. A considerable number contain foci vary- 
ing from one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter. They are very firm to the touch 
and project above the surface of the gland as round yellow bodies. The glands are 
not enlarged. The tubercular foci are all firm, necrotic, some largely calcareous. 
Besides the tuberculous changes, worm nodules are not uncommon. 

No. 338. — Jersey cow, 3 years old. Weight, 500 pounds. Calved January 28, 1892. 
Condition, very thin. Shows symptoms of advanced tuberculosis, and has been 
isolated from herd for from fifteen to eighteen mouths. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: Injected 0.3 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, maxi- 
mum temperature, 103.6° (2 p. m.); after injection, reached in seven hours, 103.8 C 
(7 a. m.) (For complete record see p. 67.) 

April 4. 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Case of advanced tuberculosis. Retropharyngeal glands, tonsils, 
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, thoracic glands, and the pleura extensively diseased. 
In the abdomen the various groups of lymphatics greatly enlarged and tuberculous. 
The omentum and serosa of stomachs are beset with patches of confluent tubercles. 

All Peyer's patches of the small intestine are extensively infiltrated with tuber- 
cles and the mucosa ulcerated. The spleen, liver, and kidneys (excepting the serous 
coverings) are free from tuberculous changes recognizable with the unaided eye. 
The udder and pubic glands are likewise free from infection. 

No. 339. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 7 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. 
Calved summer of 1892, and is still giving milk. Pregnant since December 13, 1892. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection. 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (5 p. m.); after injection, reached in eleven hours, 
103.6° (11 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103° (5 p. m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
103.5° (7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 71.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Third injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103° (6 p. m.); after injection, 102.6° (5 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 74.) 

June 19, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In the lungs there are not less than 8 isolated tuberculous foci. 
Five of these are in the right caudal, 2 in the left caudal, and 1 in the right cephalic 
lobe. In the right caudal lobe 3 foci are situated along the dorsomedian region (i. 
e., in that portion of the lung tissue resting against the sides of the vertebra and the 
dorsal end of the ribs). They are situated above (or dorsal of) the main bronchus, 
excepting the most caudal of the 3 which surrounds the bronchus. These foci 
are visible on the lung surface. They vary in size, the smallest being three-fourths 
inch in diameter, the largest 2 or 2\ inches in diameter. They consist in the main of 
aggregations of cysts containing very soft, cheesy masses, inclosed in thin-walled 
capsules. These cysts vary in diameter from one-eighth to three-fourths inch. The 
focus nearest the root of the lobe is made up of several such cysts and a considerable 
mass of lung tissue which appears to consist of a large number of small cheesy foci. 
The peculiar yellowish mottled appearance of this tissue from the pleural surface 
and a careful inspection of the cut surface suggests aspiration of cheesy matter 
resulting in caseous broncho-pneumonia. The main bronchus, moreover, contains 
some loose cheesy masses. This lobe contains, in addition to these 3 foci, 2 small 
embedded ones situated near the lateral margin of the lobe, of which 1 is cheesy, the 
other firm, grayish in color. 

In the left caudal lobe there are 2 foci. One in the dorsomediau region under the 
pleura, about three-fourths inch in diameter, consists of a soft central mass surrounded 



47 

by an aggregation of small cheesy masses. The other is about 1 inch in diameter 
and is made up entirely of soft cheesy foci. 

On the caudal margin of the second cephalic lobe there is a small triangular region 
of very thin collapsed tissue in which are situated 3 small masses, consisting of 
a dense, grayish tissue inclosing a yellow cheesy nucleus. 

Thoracic lymph glands : Large posterior mediastinal gland contains near the caudal 
end a dry, cheesy, partially gritty focus measuring one-half by one-fourth inch. 
In the same region there are 2 cheesy foci about three-sixteenths inch in diam- 
eter. Toward the middle there are 2 minute yellowish foci one-sixteenth inch in 
diameter. In mediastinal gland, situated on the cesophagus at the level of the bifur- 
cation of the trachea, there is 1 small tubercle, with cheesy, yellowish center, 
about one-sixteenth inch in diameter. In bronchial gland at root of left bronchus 
there are 2 small foci, one-sixteenth and one-eight inch in diameter, of a grayish 
color and yellowish center. In the gland at root of right supernumerary bronchus 
there is a focus one-fourth inch in diameter, with yellowish, cheesy contents embedded 
in a firm, grayish capsule, and a second smaller focus composed almost entirely of 
firm, grayish tissue, with a minute yellowish center. 

In 3 of the mesenteric glands there are several isolated tubercles, quite small, 
having a yellowish color. One gland also contains an aggregation of such tuber- 
cles. 

No. 340. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 9 years old. Weight, 1,100 pounds. 
Calved summer of 1892; is still giving milk. Pregnant since January 13. 1893. 

•March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 101.6° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in ten hours, 104° 
(10 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc, tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in fifteen hours, 
102.6° (3 p. m.). For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 23, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In this case tuberculous lesions could not be found. In the uterus a 
a fetus about 3 months old, dead and beginning to disintegrate. Free from odor. 

No. 341. — Half Holstein cow, 9 years old. Weight, 900 pounds. Calved spring 
of 1892 ; still giving milk. Not pregnant, and has not been served by bull since 
June 24, 1892. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103° (9 p. m.): after injection, reached in eleven hours, 105° 
(11 a. m.). For complete record see p.- 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103.4° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in twelve hours, 
106° (12 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 19, 1893 : Killed for examination . 

Autopsy. — Lungs: In the right caudal lobe beneath the pleura of the dorsal sur- 
face there is a tuberculous focus about 14 inches in diameter, not directly connected 
with any traceable branch of the bronchus. This focus is made up of lobules in 
different stages of caseation. In one lobe the cheese is very soft and easily removed. 
In others it is slightly firmer, but likewise removable without difficulty. The lung 
tissue surrounding this focus for a distance of one-half to 1 inch contains a consid- 
erable number of minute grayish tubercles. In the trachea, near the bifurcation, 
there are several small masses of cheesy matter lying loose on the mucous membrane. 
There are also 2 tuberculous patches on the mucosa, 1 at the place of bifurca- 
tion, the other about 1 inch from it, both made up of fresh tubercles mingled 
with the tubercular ulcers, which have elevated margins undermined with cheesy 
deposits. These ulcers are about one-fourth inch in diameter. 

Thoracic glands : In the gland at root of left bronchus there are 5 or 6 small 
grayish tubercles, a few with minute yellowish centers. Iu the caudal mediastinal 



48 

gland, near its middle portion, there is one completely calcined focus about one- 
fourth inch in diameter, and several small translucent tubercles about one-six- 
teenth inch in diameter, all situated in the cortex. In middle of the same gland 
there is a constricted, retracted portion containing a few tubercles. In an adjacent 
portion also a few barely recognizable grayish tubercles. In another portion of 
cortex a small patch of recent infiltration. 

No. 342. — Cow, fifteen sixteenths Holstein, 9 years old. Weight, 900 pounds. 
Calved December 14, 1892, and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 28, 8:30 a. m. : Trembling quite marked and stands with back slighly 
arched. Before injection, maximum temperature, 102.2° (5 p. m. ); after injection, 
reached in twelve hours, 106° (12 a. niA (For complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight : Secoud injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 103.4° (5 p. m.); after injectiou, reached in nineteen 
hours, 104.2° (7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 19, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: In gland at root of left bronchus half a dozen tuberculous foci 
one-sixteenth to one-fourth inch in diameter, caseous and still firm. In the cephalic 
end of the large mediastinal gland one small similar focus. Traumatic inrianiina- 
tion of walls of second stomach owing to presence of wire 4 inches long. 

(Owing to some mistake the affected glands were not taken to the laboratory for 
reexamination. Hence the notes are somewhat incomplete.) 

No. 343.— Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 6 years old. Weight, 1,100 pounds. 
Calved during summer of 1892; still giving milk. Served by bull January 11, 1893, 
but is not pregnant. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. 

March 28: 7:30 a.m., respiration accelerated; pulse, 80. Slight trembling with 
twitching of muscles, especially in the gluteal region. The back is slightly arched; 
11 a. m., feces considerably softened. Before injection, maximum temperature, 101.6° 
(4 p.m.); after injection, reached in ten hours, 107° ( 10 a. m. ). (For complete record 
seep. 67.) 

May 1. 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.6° (6 p.m.); after injectiou, reached in twelve hours, 
106.2° (12 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — A soft cheesy focus one-half inch in diameter in the left retropharyn- 
geal gland. 

Lungs: In the caudal lobe of the right lung on the lateral margin a small trian- 
gular area contains a few soft caseous foci and some more recent infiltration. In the 
caudal fifth of the same lobe there is a very small solitary, cheesy focus, and two of 
the same character in the same situation in the corresponding lobe of the left lung. 

A much larger triangular focus of disease at the caudal border of the right ven- 
tral lobe consisting of an aggregation of cheesy masses up to one-fourth inch in 
diameter. 

Thoracic glands: These are quite extensively diseased. That one of the series of 
posterior mediastinal glands which is situated near the arch of the aorta is fully 8 
inches long and 5 inches wide. It is made up of a large number of commuuicatiug 
cavities filled with cheesy, partly liquefied matter. Another gland of the same series 
situated nearer the diaphragm is as large as a fist, and in "the same condition as the 
preceding gland. The large mediastinal gland is not so far advanced. It contains 
a small number of cheesy tubercles and more or less recent infiltration. The 3 
bronchial glands, one at the root of left bronchus, another at root of rightbronchus, 
and the third at root of right supernumerary bronchus, are each as large as a fist, 
with contents cheesy and partly liquefied. A number of small glauds not usually 



49 

detected in the normal lung, including the anterior mediastinal, are enlarged and 
contain one or more tuberculous foci. 

Abdomen : On the tendinous portion of the diaphragm, mainly the right side, are 
a considerable number of flatfish tubercular excrescences from one-eighth to three- 
fourths inch in diameter, consisting of agglomerations of tubercles some of which 
show slight central caseation. A thin membranous expansion extends from the 
diaphragm to the cephalic lobe of the liver, forming a false ligament. Along its 
free margin are a few tuberculous masses from one-eighth to one-fourth inch in 
diameter. One tubercle is firmly adherent to capsule of liver where the false liga- 
ment is attached to it. This mass is about one-half inch in diameter and one- 
fourth inch thick and made, up of a capsule of dense connective tissue inclosing a 
firm yellowish caseous mass. 

The parenchyma of the liver and the portal glands are normal. 

The small extremity of spleen is adherent over an area about 6 inches square to 
reticulum by means of dense inflammatory tissue, one-half to 1 inch thick, con- 
taining abscesses and surrounded by gelatinous cedematous tissue. The spleen 
itself not affected. Cause, probably some foreign body. 

No. 344. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 6 years old-. Weight, 900 pounds. 
Calved August, 1892 ; is giving milk. Pregnant since January 5, 1893. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 101.8° (5 p.m.); ofter injection, reached in twelve 
hours, 105.2° (12 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (6 p. in.); after injection, 102° (5 p. in.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 72.) 

May 16, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In the right retropharyngeal gland are 3 tuberculoid foci, each about 
one-half inch in diameter and consisting of grayish tissue penetrated by a network 
of yellowish lines. 

No other tuberculous lesions discoverable. 

Adhesion of cephalic end of liver to neighboring organs by means of inflammatory 
tissue containing a small abscess (traumatism). Sections of a portion of the retro- 
pharyngeal gland hardened in alcohol show that the region of the gland invaded 
is made up of a number of small foci, provided with giant cells. 

No. 345. — Half Holstein cow, 9 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. Calved August, 
1892; is giving milk. Pregnant since January 11, 1893. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 101.6° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in twelve hours, 
106.9° (12 a. m,). (For'complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 <•<•. tuberculin S. Before injection 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (6 p. m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
106.4° (7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The only tuberculous lesions in this case were found in the posterior 
mediastinal and the bronchial glands. 

In the large posterior mediastinal gland there are about 6 foci one-eighth inch in 
diameter projecting as roundish bodies of a grayish translucent appearance above 
the cut surface. Each contains a yellowish necrotic center. 

In the gland at root of left bronchus there are about 10 precisely similar foci. 
In the small gland at the root of the right bronchus, 1 similar focus. 

Old fibrous adhesions between lungs and diaphragm, of slight extent. 

No. 346. — Half Holstein cow, 9 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. Calved Septem- 
ber, 1892; is giving milk. Pregnant since March 14, 1893. 

March 27, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.4 cc. tuberculin K. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 101.8° (5 p.m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
106.4° (7 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 67.) 
2891— No. 7 4 



50 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin 8. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.6° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
103.5° (7 p. m. ). (For complete record see p. 72. ) 

May 16, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thoracic glands : The gland at root of left bronchus made up of 3 
separate glands. In one of these glands a tuberculous focus is one-fourth inch in 
diameter, of a gelatinous appearance, spongy, with yellowish particles sprinkled 
through it. In a second gland 3 similar foci, 2 one-fourth inch and 1 one-eighth 
inch in diameter. The large posterior mediastinal gland, about 5 inches long, 
one-half inch thick, and 2 inches wide at widest portion, contains tuberculous foci 
from one-half to one-fourth inch apart, situated mainly in the cortex. Foci most 
numerous at caudal end, where they are from one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diam- 
eter, and have a gelatinous appearance, with yellowish lines sprinkled in. They 
project above cut surface. These fsci all appear to be of the same age, except two, 
one of which is about one-half inch in diameter and slightly older ; the other is 
also one-half inch in diameter, and made up entirely of coarse, gritty particles. 
The gland at this point is retracted. In one of the more cephalic mediastinal glands 
3 or 4 similar tuberculous foci. 

Abdomen : In one mesenteric glaud there is a tuberculous foci three-eighths inch 
in diameter, consisting of very firm cheesy material, in which is embedded a central 
calcareous particle. Traumatic inflammation around cephalic end of liver. 

No. 347. — Holstein heifer, 2 years old. Weight, 600 pounds. Has never been 
served by bull. 

April 12, 1893. midnight: First injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. 

April 13, 8:30 to 9 a.m.: Trembling very marked. Before injection, maximum 
temperature, 102.8° (1 p.m.); after injection, reached in sixteen hours, 106.8° (4 
p. ni.). (For complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1. 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.2 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103.6° (5 p.m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
104.2° (7 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 5, 1893: Killed for examination. 

A utopsy. — The tuberculous changes in this case are likewise confined to the thoracic 
lymph glands. 

In three of the posterior mediastinal glands there are regions made up entirely of 
dense aggregations of grayish tubercles (recent infiltration). In one of these glands 
there is a small calcareous focus in the midst of the recent infiltration. 

In the gland at the root of the left bronchus and in the one in the angle of bifur- 
cation there are similar foci in which yellowish centers are visible. 

No.848. — Jersey cow, 8 years old. Weight, 800 pounds. Gave birth to triplets 
eighteen months ago and has not been in heat since; is not giving milk. 

April 12, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.7° (4 p.m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
106.2° (5 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 67.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (8 p.m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
103.2° (5 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 72. ) 

May 3, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax : The large posterior mediastinal gland is 4 inches long and one- 
half inch thick (only slightly larger than normal). In the cortex are not less than 
10 to 15 tuberculous foci up to one-fourth inch in diameter. Some are calcareous, 
others are in a state of partial necrosis. In another gland of the same group is a 
small calcareous focus. 

Abdomen: In one mesenteric gland several small tuberculous foci. Horns of 
uterus more or less thickened (subinvolution). In the cavity some glairy fluid con- 
taining yellowish lumps. 



51 

No. 349. — Jersey cow, 4 years old. Weight, 750 pounds. Pregnant the first time 
since October 22, 1892. 

April 12, 1893, midnight : First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. 

April 13, 7: 40 to 8:40 p.m. : Frequent and marked periods of trembling. Before 
injection, maximum temperature, 102.6° (4 p.m.); after injection, reached in ten 
hours, 106.7° (10 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 68.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin 8. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102° (4 p. m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
103.8° (7 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 72,) 

May 5, 1893 : Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — The tuberculous changes are limited to the thoracic lymph glands. 

The bronchial gland at root of left bronchus as large as a hen's egg, more or less 
furrowed and lobulated. Its center is occupied by a completely calcified focus 
three-eighths inch in diameter. Throughout the remainder of the gland are dissem- 
inated yellowish foci one-eighth inch in diameter and one-eighth to one-fourth 
inch apart, projecting above the cut surface. In the large posterior mediastinal 
gland there are several foci of disease. One, near one extremity of the gland 
which is more or less nodulated, consists of an aggregation of small tubercles con- 
taining yellowish calcareous nuclei. In the center of the gland there is an aggre- 
gation of partly caseous tubercles surrounded by a zone of more recent infiltration. 

No. 350. — Jersey bull, 6 years old. Weight, 1,400 pounds. 

April 12, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.35 cc. tuberculin S. 

April 13,8:30 to 9:30 a.m.: Very uneasy in stall. Stands with body drawn up 
and back very much arched. Very violent and continuous trembling. Before injec- 
tion, maximum temperature, 101.6° (3 p. ni.) ; after injection, reached in ten hours, 
106° (10 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 68.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.35 cc, tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (5 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
105° (5 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 10, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In gland at root of left bronchus there is a considerable crop of minute 
grayish tubercles, about one-sixteenth inch in diameter, and situated mainly in the 
cortex. A few are larger than the rest and contain each a minute yellowish nucleus. 
The small gland at root of right main bronchus contains three tubercles undergoing 
necrosis, each one-sixteenth to one-eighth inch in diameter. 

In one of the mediastinal glands a few small tubercles like those in left bronchial 
gland. 

No. 351. — Holstein bull, 2 years old. Weight, 850 pounds. 

April 12, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc, tuberculin S. 

April 13, 8 to 9 a. m. : Periods of very violent trembling every few seconds, amount- 
ing almost to a violent shaking of the whole body. Before injection, maximum 
temperature, 102.6° (5 p. m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 106.7° 
(7 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 68.) 

May 1, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (6 p. m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
105.6° (7 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 72.) 

May 3, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Lungs: There are not less than 5 tuberculous foci in the lung tissue. 

One large one, 2 to 3 inches in diameter near the lateral margin of the left caudal 
lobe, projecting slightly above the dorsal surface of the lobe when in state of col- 
lapse. It consists of soft cheesy masses easily removed from the enveloping tissue. 
The surrounding lung tissue is infiltrated with young tubercles. A second focus, 
1 inch in diameter, situated along median border of the same lobe deeply embedded 
in the lung tissue. The condition of this focus the same as that of the first. 



52 

Two smaller soft cheesy foci situated near cephalic margin of the same lohe each 
one-half to three- fourths inch in diameter. 

Three quite small glands embedded in the lung tissue of this lohe between the 
pulmonary artery and main bronchus contain firm, partly necrotic foci. In the main 
bronchus near its root a few submucous tubercles. In the right cephalic lobe 
there is 1 soft cheesy focus about one-half inch in diameter. 

Bronchial glands : The one at root of left bronchus about the size of a small fist. 
The one at root of right supernumerary bronchus contains 10 to 15 tuberculous 
foci. The one situated in the bifurcation is as large as a hen's egg and almost 
entirely converted into a caseous mass in which are embedded gritty particles. The 
posterior mediastinal glands are also involved and contain numerous foci from 
one-eighth to one-half inch apart, the larger soft and cheesy. 

In general, all thoracic glands affected and a few large glands noted where in nor- 
mal lungs they are so minute as to be overlooked. 

The bronchial glands are farther advanced iu disease than the mediastinals. 

One gland removed with spleen, and in all probability belonging to the portal 
glands, contains two tuberculous foci, yellowish, cheesy, still firm, and partly cal- 
careous. 

No* 852. — Holstein cow, 3 years old. Weight, 700 pounds. Calved March 19, 189$ 

and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

April 12, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in ten hours, 106.2° 
(10 a. m.). (For complete record see p. 68. ) 

.May 1. 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 104 (5 p. in.) ; after injection, reached in seven hours, 104.3° 
(7 a. in. j. (For complete record see p. 73.) 

May 10, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy.— Left retropharyngeal gland about 2 inches in diameter, slightly irregu- 
lar in shape. On section the parenchyma is found containing tuberculous foci made 
up of i nitty] ike masses, mixed with a few calcareous particles. They vary from one- 
eighth to 1 inch in diameter, and are surrounded with considerable connective tissue. 

No. 858.— Jersey cow, 1 years old. Weight, 600 pounds. Calved March 26,1893, 
and lias not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

April 12, 1893, midnight: First injection. 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection 
maximum temperature 102.6- (4 p. in.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
103.8° (5 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 68.) 

May 1. 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin .S. Before injection, 
minimum temperature 102.6 (5 p. in.) ; after injection, reached iu nineteeu hours, 
104.3° (7 a. in.). (For complete record see p. 73.) 

May 3, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — No tuberculous lesions were found in this animal. 

No. 854. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenth s Holstein, 9 years old. Weight, 1,100 pounds. 
Calved March 28, 1893, and has not been served by bull since; is giving milk. 

May I, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 103. 5° (6 p. m.); after injection, reached in twelve hours, 
106- ( 12 a. m.) (For complete record see p. 68.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection. 
maximum temperature 102.6 (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
103 (6 p. in.). (For complete record see p. 73. ) 

.June 8, 189S: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax : In the lungs there are 4 foci of tuberculous infection, all 
situated in the caudal lobes. They are best described separately. 

Focus No. 1 is situated on the median edge of right caudal lobe about U inches from 
caudal tip. The focus itself is about H inches long and nearly three-fourths inch in 



53 

diameter; a few distended tortuous vessels pass over its surface. It feels as if made 
up of four or five quite firm and distinct foci. A small air tube leads directly to the 
focus, and along its course there are several small tuberculous foci in connection 
with its walls. The large focus is composed of several small foci easily separated by 
teasing. Each contains a pasty, pale-yellow mass, inclosed in a rather thin capsule. 
The remaining foci are situated in the left caudal lobe. 

Focus No. 2 occupies a position symmetrical with No. 1. It does not show on the 
surface as does No. 1, but is easily felt with the fingers ; slight catarrh of the air 
tube leading to this focus. It consists of about one-half dozen nodules up to one- 
half inch in diameter, situated around a somewhat dilated bronchiole. In the course 
of the main bronchus and about 3 inches from the tip of lobe and about 2 inches 
from the focus just described there are several small cheesy foci in connection with 
the walls of the bronchus. 

Focus No. 3 consists of a mass of firm nodules, varying in size up to one-half inch 
in diameter and distributed over a region about 21 inches square and one-half inch 
thick. Small air tubes are traceable in this focus. The larger nodules tire cheesy, 
like those described. There is some slight recent infiltration in the periphery of the 
focus. The interlobular tissue is more or less increased in quantity. 

Focus No. 4 consists of a number of small cheesy nodules, up to one-eighth inch 
in diameter, covering an area of about 1 cubic inch and embedded in a large amount 
of firm connective tissue. There is in one place some recent infiltration on the 
periphery. 

The gland at the root of left bronchus is more or less irregular and nodular in out- 
line, and contains a considerable quantity of connective tissue, and in its center a 
cheesy mass about one-quarter inch in diameter. Scattered over the periphery are 
three or four quite small gelatinous looking tuberculous foci, containing yellowish 
necrotic masses. In the gland at root of the right supernumerary bronchus, which 
is but slightly enlarged, there are three tuberculous foci from one-eighth to one-half 
inch in diameter, with cheesy contents. The gland situated on dorsal surface of 
trachea near supernumerary bronchus contains one gelatinous focus, yellowish in 
color, and about three-sixteenths inch in diameter. The most caudal of the posterior 
mediastinal glands is very irregular in outline, much nodulated and retracted. The 
gland is of the usual length, and at its thickest portion is 1 by 1+ inches thick. In the 
center of this enlarged portion there is a cheesy mass, surrounded by connective tissue 
from one-half to three-fourths inch in diameter. The nodules showing from the 
exterior are, in part, free from any tuberculous deposit, and are due to retraction of 
the gland tissue, probably a result of some previous infection. In one of the smaller 
mediastinal glands there are three quite small gelatinous-looking nodules. The 
small gland within the left caudal lobe, between bronchus and artery near their 
origin, contains two tuberculous foci. 

No. 355.— Holstein coav, 5 years old. Weight, 900 pounds. Calved summer of 1892. 
Pregnant since August 31, 1892. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 102. 8 C (5 p.m.); after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 
105.4° (2 p. m.). (For complete record see" p. 68. ) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc, tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103.2° (8 p. m.); after injection, 102.8° (7 a. in.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 73.) 

June 8, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: On the surface of the large posterior mediastinal gland' there 
are two round, projecting)' yellow, nodules, one-eighth and one-sixteenth inch in diam 
eter. They are calcareous and the surrounding tissue free from any infiltration. 

In the bronchial gland, at root of left bronchus, 3 foci of similar size and char- 
acter. 



Abdomen : In one of the mesenteric glands there is ;i group of three firm yellowish 
tubercles (the whole one-fourth inch in diameter) in the cortical portion. In a 
neighboring gland there is a similar group of somewhat larger tuberculous nodules. 
The glands are not enlarged and there is no infiltration around the foci. 

No. 356. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 9 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. 
Calved November, 1802: is giving milk. Served by bull March 6, 1893, but is not 
pregnant. 

May 1, 1893. midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 102 c (4 p.m.); after injection, reached in seventeen hours. 
104° (5 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 68. ) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 102° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
102. 8° (6 p. m). (For complete record see p. 73.) 

June 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax : In the caudal lobe of the left lung there is a tuberculous focus, 
situated directly under the pleura of the dorsal surface close to the median edge 
and 4 or 5 inches from the caudal tip. The pleura over this focus is slightly opaque; 
and beneath it are three small tuberculous nodules, two of which contain a caseous 
center. The-focus itself consists of a central soft caseous mass, inclosed in a rather 
thick-walled capsule and surrounded by a zone of infiltrated tissue one-fourth to 
one-half inch thick. The infiltration consists of tubercles up to one-eighth inch in 
diameter, many of them caseous. An air tube is not traceable to it. 

In the bronchus of this same lobe near its origin and in the trachea are 2 gray- 
ish tubercular excrescences. The one in the trachea is about one-half inch in diam- 
eter and projects one-half inch above surface. The center is depressed. The 
whole appears as if the mucosa were lifted up by tubercular infiltration of the sub- 
mucosa. Section of the tumor shows a caseous mass beneath. The excrescence 
in the bronchus is more convex and projecting, otherwise there are no marked 
differences. 

In the large posterior mediastinal gland near one end are 4 completely calcified 
foci about one-eighth to one-fourth iuch in diameter. The gland itself is not 
enlarged, and these foci feel as firm as bullets in the interior of the gland tissue. 

No. 357. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 8 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. 
Calved July 1, 1893; is giving milk. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection. 
maximum temperature 102.8° (6 p. m. ) ; after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 
103° (2 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 68. ) 

May 25, 1893. midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature 105° (10 p.m.); after injection, 102.5° (7 a. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 73.) 

The elevation in temperature previous to inoculation was due to an unknown 
cause; excepting it the cow was apparently in good health. She belonged to the 
last of the series of tests in this herd, else a third injection of tuberculin would have 
been made. (See Case No. 318.) 

July 13, 1893: Killed for examination. ' 

Autopsy. — Tuberculous lesions not discoverable. In the udder a number of com- 
pletely yellow regions indicating fatty degeneration of gland substance. 

Marked interlobular and subpleural emphysema of the cephalic and ventral lobes 
of the right lung and of the ventral lobe of the left lung. Uterus contains a milky, 
very foul-smelling fluid. Calf born thirteen days ago. 

No. 358. — Cow, fifteen-sixteenths Holstein, 6 years old. Weight, 1, 000 pounds. 
Calved summer of 1892; is still giving milk. Pregnant since January 20, 1893. 

May 1. 1893, midnight: First injection, 0. 25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection. 
maximum temperature, 102° (5 p. m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
105. 6' (7 p. m.). (For complete record see. p. 6H. ) 



55 

May 25, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0. 25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 101. 8° (6 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in seventeen hours, 
102. 9° (5 p.m.). (For complete record see p. 73. ) 

May 27, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — Thorax: The most caudal of the posterior mediastinal glands has its 
cephalic end considerably enlarged, three-fourths inch thick, and 1£ inches wide. On 
section the greater part is found to be in a condition of tuberculous infiltration, of 
a grayish appearance, in which are embedded a considerable number of soft cheesj r 
foci containing a few gritty particles. One of these cheesy foci is fully one-half 
inch in diameter. Along the middle portion of the same gland is another tubercu- 
lous mass about 1 by i inch in size, containing 4 foci, some of which are firm and 
yellow, others are still grayish with yellowish lines within them. 

The second gland of this group has about one-fourth of its mass in the same condi- 
tion as that just described. This gland is about 1 by i by £ inch in size. The third 
gland of the group, slightly larger than the second, is normal. The fourth gland, 
which is 1^ by 1 by \ inch has two-thirds of its substance in the same tuberculous 
condition. The fifth, sixth, and seventh glands of this group are normal. 

The bronchial gland at root of right bronchus is slightly larger than normal and 
contains, a region of grayish infiltration about 1 inch in diameter, containing 6 or 
more small yellowish foci, quite firm and gritty in the center. One mesenteric 
gland contains in itscoitex a dozen or more small tubercles, some yellowish and 
nearly one-eighth inch in diameter, projecting markedly above the cut surface. 

Traumatic inflammatory adhesion between second stomach and neighboring 
organs. 

No. 359.— Holsteiu cow, 7 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. Calved, July, 1892; 
is still giving milk. Pregnant since August 25, 1892. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103.2° (6 p.m.); after injection, reached in fourteen hours, 
107.3° (2 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 68.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103.4° (6 p. m.) ; after injection, 103° (6 p. in.). (For complete 
record see p. 73.) 

May 26, 8 p. m. : The cow gave birth to a healthy calf, after which the temperatures 
were no longer taken. 

June 15, 1893 : Killed for examination . 

Autopsy. — Thorax : In the right caudal lobe near the median border on the dorsal 
aspect, and about midway between caudal and cephalic border there is a small focus 
about 1 to 1^ inches in diameter directly under the pleura, made up of a collection of 
foci in various stages of degeneration. The innermost are soft, caseous, and sur- 
rounded by a thick wall. Several of these communicate directly by means of small 
openings with a small, dilated bronchus filled with yellowish, cheesy matter. 
Some of the exterior foci are composed of a very thick grayish wall and a small, very 
soft, yellowish center. These are about one-fourth inch in diameter, 

Large posterior mediastinal gland, the most caudal of the series, is of the usual 
size, but is found to contain firm nodules iu its substance. On the flat surface oppo 
site the hilus there is a collection of nodules projecting above the surface, which on 
section are made up of a central, yellowish core, surrounded by a grayish capsule. 
On cutting into the gland there are found four or five separate regions of disease, 
consisting each of one or more foci one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter, which 
are firm, grayish on section, and have a yellowish, necrotic center. There is only 
one gritty focus about one-eighth inch in diameter. 

The next gland of the series is about 1 inch in diameter and contains about 4 one- 
fourth-inch foci, all in the same condition as those described. The third gland, about 
1 inch in diameter, contains 1 such focus. The fourth gland, § by J inch in size, con- 
tains 5 or 6 similar foci and 1 smaller gritty focus. The fifth gland, about one-half 



56 

inch in- diameter, is very nodular and contains 1 central, completely calcined focus 
and several peripheral foci with necrotic centers, like preceding. The sixth gland 
is about 2 inches long, one-half inch thick, and feels very nodular to the touch. It 
contains about one dozen foci from one-eighth to one-fourth inch in diameter, made 
Up of a grayish peripheral zone and a firm necrotic center. The seventh gland is 
about 1-J inches long, one-fourth inch thick, and contains 3 foci like those described. 
The small gland between the two bronchi at the bifurcation, which is about one- 
half inch in diameter, is almost entirely occupied by 2 foci, one-eighth and three- 
eighths inch in diameter, of the same character as the preceding. 

No. 360. — Cow, fifteen sixteenths Holstein, 9 years old. Weight, 1,000 pounds. 
Calved April 12, 1893, and bas not since been served by bull; is giving milk. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (4 p. m.) ; after injection, 102.8° (7 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 68.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection," 
maximum temperature, 102.2° (6 p.m.): after injection. 102.5° (fi p.m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 73.) 

July 6, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy.- — In the large posterior mediastinal gland there are 3 tuberculous foci 
situated near tie middle of the gland. They are respectively one-half, one-half, 
and one-fourth inch in diameter. They are completely caseous, without any sur- 
rounding infiltration, and embedded in considerable connective tissue, part of 
which seeins to belong to the scar of a healed infection. Slight adhesion of cephalic 
end of liver. A guinea pig inoculated subcutaueously with some of the caseous 
material July 7 died just two months after inoculation. The usual lesions of tuber- 
culosis (advanced tuberculosis of liver, tubercles in lungs, and in Fever's patches of 
the intestines) were present. 

No. 361. — Holstein cow, 8 years old. -Weight, 950 pounds. Calved December, 1892, 
and is giving milk. Pregnant since March 9, 1893. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102J3° (5 p.m.); after injection, reached in nineteen hours, 
105.8° (5 p. m. ). (For complete record see p. 69. ) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (8 p. m.); after injection, 102.5° (7 a.m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 73.) 

May 27, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — In the large posterior mediastinal gland there is 1 small, completely 
calcified focus about one-eighth inch in diameter. It shows on the exterior as a 
slight cicatricial constriction. There is 1 other calcified focus not more than one- 
sixteenth inch in diameter. The gland itself is slightly larger than normal and 
shows evidences of former inflammation. The left abdominal aspect of the dia- 
phragm is very much thickened by inflammatory tissue of almost cartilaginous 
firmness. The lesion is limited mainly to the muscular portion of the diaphragm, 
and covers an area 4 to 6 inches in diameter. There is also considerable inflammatory 
deposit in the form of a gelatinous exudate between the second stomach and the 
liver. In this deposit are embedded a few suppurative foci. 

No.362. — Holstein cow, 11 years old. Weight, 1,100 pounds. Calved early in 
summer of 1892, and is still giving milk. Pregnant since February 9, 1893. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (5 p. m.) ; after injection, reached in elevenhours, 104.8° 
(11 a.m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight: Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.4° (8 p.m.); after injection, reached in eighteen hours, 
103° (6 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 73.) 

June 12, 1893: Killed for examination. 



57 

Aiitops'y. ^-Thorax: In the caudal lobes of both lungs there are three tuberculous 
foci: 

(1) In the left caudal lobe, about 1 inch from caudal extremity, is a collection of 
two or three caseous, quite soft foci, the whole about one-half inch in diameter, 
inclosed in more or less connective tissue, and with periphery free from recent infil- 
tration. 

(2) Exactly corresponding in position to the preceding focus is one in the right 
caudal lobe, consisting of a soft, cheesy mass inclosed in a capsule. 

(3) In the left caudal lobe there is a second focus situated near median border of 
lobe on its dorsal aspect and about 3 or 4 inches from the caudal tip of lobe. This 
focus, 1-J or 2 inches in diameter, on first cutting into it, appeared as a very recent 
infiltration. The almost normal Jung tissue is studded with an immense number of 
miliary tubercles. On closer examination a contiguous focus of small caseous masses 
is found, and a small dilated air tube choked with caseous material in communica- 
tion with this region. 

The large posterior mediastinal gland contains three foci about one-fourth inch 
in diameter. These appear as grayish, gelatinous-looking masses projecting above 
the cut surface and containing some yellowish gritty particles. One of the other 
glands of this series contains two small foci of the same character. 

B'-onchial gland at the root of left bronchus contains about six similar foci. The 
glands at root of right bronchus, the one at the bifurcation, and the one at the root 
of the right supernumerary bronchus contain each a single similar focus. 

Three mesenteric glands contain each several small, firm, yellow tubercles. A 
fourth gland is as large as a hen's egg, and on section the medullary portion is found 
converted into a yellowish, still firm, necrotic mass. 

2fo. 363. — Cow, seven-eighths Holstein. 9 years old. Weight, 950 pounds. Calved 
January 31, 1893, and has not since been served by bull; is'giving milk. 

May 1, 1893, midnight: First injection. 0.25 cc. tuberculin S. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 103.2° (6 p. m. ) ; after injectiou, reached in fourteen hours, 
106° (2 p. m.). (For complete record see p. 69.) 

May 25, 1893, midnight : Second injection, 0.25 cc. tuberculin 8. Before injection, 
maximum temperature, 102.8° (8 p. no.) ; after injection. 102.7° (5 p. m.). (For com- 
plete record see p. 73. ) 

June 19, 1893: Killed for examination. 

Autopsy. — One of the retropharyngeal glands is somewhat enlarged and contains 
a cheesy focus from one-half to three-fourths inch in diameter. The very soft con- 
tents are surrounded by distinct, connective-tissue capsule. 

Thorax: In the large posterior mediastinal gland, which is not visibly enlarged, 
there is in the middle of its length along one border a region about 2 inches long 
which appears very nodular from the exterior and feels firm and nodular to the 
touch. In this mass only one distinctly tuberculous fociis is found. This is about 
three-sixteenths inch in diameter, firm, yellowish, and iirojecting markedly above the 
cut surface. One other minute yellowish focus discovered in this gland. In 
oneiother mediastinal gland there is some firm, cicatricial tissue in the cortex indica- 
tive of healed tuberculosis. In the gland situated on the dorsal aspect of the 
trachea, near the right supernumerary- bronchus, there is a similar circumscribed 
mass of very fine nodular tissue and a minute yellowish tubercle. The right 
ventral and principal lobes are firmly adherent to the diaphragm by means of deli- 
cate connective-tissue expansions. Similar slight attachments are found between 
pericardium and diaphragm and pericardium and the smaller lobes. 

Abdomen: Over the cephalic half of the convex surface of the liver there are a 
number of old, fibrous adhesions attaching the anterior to cephalic lobe and the 
diaphragm. In the same lobe are several regions of yellowish infiltration, probably 
of embolic origin and due to parasites. 



58 

•Some of the coils of the small intestines are attached to the abdominal wall by 
expansions of thin, membranous connective tissue. In many of the mesenteric 
glands there are one or more worm tubercles. 

The following case, one of the three bulls, was sent to the experiment station of 
the bureau November 14, 1892, some months before the general test of the herd was 
begun. On November 17 one of the cervical glands was removed by Dr. Kilbome. 
It was 3 to 4 inches in diameter, composed of a thick-walled sac and semifluid con- 
tents. Two guinea pigs inoculated subentaneously with some of the contents died 
of tuberculosis 

Three tulterclin injections were made in all, the results of which are given below : 
First test. — Received an injection November 16. 6:30 a. in., of 0.5 cc. tnberciilinuin 
Kochii. 



Temperature before injection. 

Nov. 14—4 : 30 p. m. t 104. 3 

6: 30 p. in 102.2 

Nov-. 15—8 a, m 100. 

12 in 100.2 

4 p. in 100.9 

X p. m 101.0 



Temperature after injection. 

1— 6:30 a. m 

9 a. m 

11 a. m 

1 p. m 

3 p. in 



101.4 
102.7 
103.6 
104. 2 
101.2 



5 p.m 104.6 

7p.m 103.6 

9 p. m 103.0 

11 p. m 102.4 

Nov. 17—8 a. in 101. 

1 p. m 102.4 

5 p.m 101.2 



November 17, 1892: Excision of the tubercular gland. 

Second test. — Received an injection December 10, 1892, 6:30 a. m., of 0.15 cc. 
tuberculin prepared in the chemical laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



Tern jurat it re before injection. 

Dec. 9—8 a, m 101. 

1 p. m 100.8 

5 p. m 101.8 



Temperature after injection. 

Dec. 10— 6:30 a. m 101.0 

9a. in 101.2 

11:30 a. m 102.2 

2p.m 102.0 

4 p.m 102.0 

6p.m 103.2 

8 p.m 103.0 

lip. m 102.8 

Dec. 11— 8a.m 101.4 

4 p.m 102.8 

Dec. 12— 8 a. in 101.0 



*Probably the one denominated post maxillary in this bulletin. — T. S. 
t Temperature taken immediately upon the arrival of the bull at the veterinary 
station after he had been walking 3 to 4 miles from the Soldiers' Home. 



59 



Third test. — Received an injection January 20. 1893, 7 a.m., of 0.35 cc. tuberculin 
prepared in the chemical laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



Temperature before injection. 



Temperature after injection. 



Jan. 19— 8 a. ni 101. . Jan. 20— 7 a. m 100. 8 

12 m 101. 1 9 a. m 102. 2 

5p.m -. 101.0 | 11a. m 103.0 

1 p. m 102. 6 

3 p. in 102.6 

6 p.m 101.5 

8p.m 101.2 

10 p.m 101.0 

m. 21— 8 a. in 100.5 

12m 100.8 

5 p.m 102.6 



January 26, 1893: Bull killed and examined post-mortem. 

Extensive tuberculosis of glands of head. Tuberculosis of bones of sternum 
Axillary glands of both sides as large as hens' eggs and cheesy. 

Advanced tuberculosis of all lobes of the lungs, associated with cavities and more 
or less fibroid induration. No pleural tuberculosis. All thoracic glands tubercu- 
lous and some as large as the closed hand. 

In abdomen, mesenteric glands as well as the peritoneum free from disease. The 
portal glands free, but four cheesy foci in the liver tissue, one-half to 1 inch in 
diameter. Spleen free. Some small tubercles in medullary portion of parenchyma 
of kidneys near papillae. 

In this animal the advanced stage of the gland disease, the caAities in the lungs, 
the surrounding fibroid thickening, and the chronic generalized infection indicate 
that this was a long-standing case. 

TABLES OIVINC THE TEMPERATURE AS TAKEN BEFORE AND AFTER 
THE INJECTION OF TUBERCULIN. 



By 


F. L. 


Kilbokxe and E. C. Schroeder. 






303 


304 306 


311 


314 


Dec. 6. 


Dec. 7. 


Dec. 6. 


Dec. 7. 


Dec. 6. 


Dec. 7. 


Dec. 6. 


Dec. 7. 


Dec. 6. 


Dec. 7. 


Before. 


After. 


Before. 


After. 


Before. 


After. 


Before. 


After. 


Before. 


After. 


102.0 


102.2 


100.8 


101.5 


101.4 


101.8 


101.5 


101.6 


101.2 


101.8 


102.5 


102.5 


101.8 


102.2 


102.6 


103.0 


102.5 


102.6 


102.0 


101.8 


102.2 


102.0 


101.8 


101.8 


102. 


102.5 


101.8 


102.0 


102.4 


102.2 


100.2 


100.4 


101. 5 


99.4 


100.0 


100.2 


99.6 


99 5 


99.8 


99.8 


100.8 


104.4 


101.0 


101.2 


100.6 


102.4 


100.2 


101.8 


101.2 


102.5 


102.2 


107.0 


101.8 


102.4 


101.8 


105.2 


101.4 


104.8 


102.5 


105.0 


102.5 


106.6 


102.2 


102.6 


102.3 


105.8 


101.5 


106.0 


102.2 


105.6 


101.5 


105.4 


101.2 


102.5 


101. 4 


106.0 


101.2 


104.4 


101.6 


106.0 




105.0 




102.2 




105.2 




105.1 




105.3 




100.7 




101. 




101.0 




101.0 





100.8 













10 a. in 

12 noon j 

2 p.m 1 

4pni 

6 p.m 

8p.m 

9pm 

11 a.m. .Dec. 8.... 



Injected tuberculin K H a. m. December 7, 1892. 



60 



Temperature a* taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — C Oil tinned. 



Feb. 1-2. 
Before injection. 



Feb. 2-3. 
After injection. 



Feb. 1-2. 
Before injection. 



Feb. 2-3. 
After injection. 



noon. 
p.m.. 



p.m. 

p. ni . 
p. in. 
p. m . 
P- 



midnight 101. 

Kil. 



101. 

101. 
100. 
101. 
101. 
101. 

1(11. 

Inj. tuberculin S. 



H : Ph 

101.4 54 

101.4 54 

Kil.. s 54 

101.3 ' 54 
101.2 54 

101.4 54 
101. 7 51 
102.8/ 90 
103. 3 ^ 90 













...... J 


1° noon 










1 

























105. 
100.4 

106. 6 
106.8 
106.4 

105. X 

106. 2 
105. 8 
105. 8 
105. 
105. 2 
104.4 
104. 
103. 2 
102. 8 
102. 4 
101.fi 
101.2 
101.2 
101.2 
101. 2 
102.0 
102.2 



H 



100.0 

100.0 

100. 6 54 | 16 

100. 6 48 16 
100. 6 54 ' 20 
101.0 48 , 18 

10L4 72 32 

10"2.2 72 32 

101. 5 66 30 
101. 4 60 30 
101.0 60 : 30 
101. 54 28 
101.0 54 28 

101. 3 54 30 

101.4 54 30 
100. 8 70 30 
101.4 66 30 
101.0 00 30 
100. 8 54 27 
101. 2 54 24 

101.7 54 21 

101. 6 66 30 

101. 7 00 21 

101. 8 54 I 24 
Inj. tuberculin S. 






3i 



101.2 
101.6 
101.3 
101.0 
101.0 
101.3 
102.9 
104.0 

105. 4 
106.6 
107.4 
107.0 

106. 5 
106. 
106. 
105.6 
105. 
105.3 
104.8 
104.8 
103.9 
103.4 
103.1 
102.5 
102.4 
101.8 
101. 8 
101.8 
101.8 
101.6 
102.5 
103.2 



72 30 

72 36 

72 36 

75 30 



Feb. 1-2. 
Before injection. 



Feb. 2-3. 

After injection. 



>c 



Feb. 1-2. 
Before injection. 



Feb. 2-3. 
After injection. 




?, 




A 


- 




^t 








g. 


B+1 


~ 


r - 2 


| z 


a 


~ 


Pu 


« 


H 


- 


98.6 







102. 2 


54 


99.0 






102.1 


48 


98.8 


48 


12 


102. 2 


51 


100.0 


50 


12 


101.4 


51 


100.9 


48 


10 


101.2 


54 


101.2 


54 


18 


101.8 


51 


101.8 


72 


32 


101.9 


48 


102. 3 


70 


36 


102. 3 


78 


101.7 


66 


30 


102.3 


72 


101.7 


56 


22 


102.6 


69 


101.4 


62 


26 


102.0 


60 


101. 2 


54 


20 


101.4 


60 


101.4 


60 


30 


101.6 


60 


101.2 


56 


30 


101.4 


60 


101.6 


54 


24 


101.6 


60 


101. 


54 


24 


101.6 


60 


100.8 


60 


24 


101.8 


60 


101.2 


60 


24 


101.4 


60 


101.5 


54 


24 


101.4 


66 


101.4 


54 


24 


101.6 


60 


102.2 


54 


24 


101.2 


60 


101.8 


60 


24 


102.0 


66 


101.9 


54 


21 


101.5 


57 


101.8 


60 


24 


101.4 


60 


Inj.tu 


bercul 


in S. 


101.7 
101.0 


66 
57 






101.0 
100.8 


60 
54 










101.0 
101.4 
102.0 


54 
54 
72 














102.0 


72 









L 



Given a preliminary tuberculin test December 7, 1892. 



61 



Temperature 



ire as taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — 



■Continued. 



Feb. 1-2. Feb. 2-3. 

Before injection. After injection 



Feb. 2- 
After injection. 



•2 " 



9 a.m. 

10 a. m . 

11 a. m . 

12 noon 

1 p. in. 

2 p.m. 



4p.ni 

5 p. m 

6 p. m 

7p.m 

8 p. m 

9p.m 

10 p. m 

llp.m 

12 midnight. 

1 a. m 

2a.m 

3a.m 

4 a.*m 



6 a. m - 

7 a.m. 



9a.m. 

10 a. m - 

11 a. m . 

12 noon 
lp.m. 
2p.m. 
3p.m. 
4 p. m. 



99.4 .. 

99.4 .. 
100.4 
100.4 
100.8 
101.0 
101.8 
101.8 
101.4 
101.2 

101.3 i 
100.7 | 
101.0 
101.0 ! 
101. I 

ioi. o ! 

101.0 : 

101.4 ! 
100.8 
101.4 
101.2 
101.8 
101.7 
101.8 
Inj. tube 



51 
56 
54 
50 i 
54 i 
54 j 
48 
48 i 
54 i 
57 
54 
54 






Feb. 1-2 




Feb. 2-3 




Feb. 1-2 




Feb 


.2-3. 




Aour. 


Before 


injection. 


After injection. 


Before injection. 


After inject 


on. 


i ■ 






cj 




* 1 


g 






g 




A 




S-2 





•Sri 


&£ 




•pri 


a s 


i 


%i 


&2 


i ; 


p. 3 




























ffl -^ 










aj += 


§+= 




0-^ 










H 


PM 


P3 


H 


Fh 


^ 




f^ 


« 


H 


r- 


Ph 


9 a. m 


101.0 . 




101.9 


54 


27 


101.8 






101.6 


48 


24 


10 a. m 


101.4 . 
101.2 


48 


— jj- 


101.4 

101.7 


45 
42 


24 

18 


101.3 
101. 3 






101.4 
102.0 


48 1 
39 1 


21 


11 a. m 


48 


14 


15 


12 noon 


101.2 


54 


18 


101.7 


48 


18 


101.2 


48 


14 


101.1 


42 


18 


lp.m 


101.4 

101. 5 : 


50 
48 


18 
18 


101.0 
101. 3 


45 
51 


15 
18 


101.0 
101.2 












2p-m 


42 


16 


101. 1 


42 


15 


3 p. m 


102.2 
102.4 


06 
72 


32 

36 


102. Q_ 
102. 4 


_, 48 

78 


21 








m~ 






4 p. m 


36 


102. 3 


66 


30 


60 


24 




101.8 
101.4 






103.0 
104.2 


















6 p.m 


54 


30 


60 




101.8 


48 


24 


104.0 


54 




7 p. m 


101.4 


50 


22 


105.6 


72 


36 


101.6 


48 


22 


104.6 


52 ■ 


21 


8 p. m 


100. 7 


54 


30 


106.6 


72 


24 


101.6 


44 


22 


104. 6 ! 


54 


21 


9p-m 


101.0 


50 


30 


107.6 


84 


27 


101.1 


48 


20 


104.4 


60 


24 


10 p. m 


101.4 


48 


30 


107.2 


90 


30 


101.8 


48 


20 


104.2 


54 


24 


llp.m 


101.0 


50 


27 


107.0 


81 


36 


101.8 


50 


24 


104.2 


48 


26 


12 midnight 


101.5 | 


54 


30 


107.0 


75 


27 


101.3 


54 


24 


103. 6 


48 


24 


1 a. m 


101. 4 


48 


26 


106.7 


78 


36 


101.8 


48 


24 


102.9 


54 


21 


2 a. m 


101.4 


54 


30 


106.2 


66 


30 


101.8 


48 


21 


103. 5 


66 


24 


3 a. m 


101.4 ! 


54 


27 


106.6 


72 


42 


101.4 


48 


24 


102.0 


48 


36 


4 a, m 


100.8 


48 


24 


105.8 


68 


30 


101.4 


48 


24 


102.5 


54 


33 


o a. in 


101. S 


54 


24 


105.6 


66 


42 


101. 7 


54 


30 


101.9 


60 


34 


6 a. in 


101. 8 


54 


18 


104.6 


60 


27 


101.6 


40 


24 


101.5 


45 


24 


i a. m 


102. 2 


48 


18 


104.8 


04 


30 


101.6 


45 


21 


101.0 


48 


20 


8 a. m 


102.2 


48 


18 


103. 5 


66 


39 


102.0 


48 


21 


101.0 


48 


20 


9 a. ni 


Inj. tub 




n S. 


103.6 


66 


36 


Inj. tu 


jercul 


nS. 


101.1 


48 


21 










102.4 
101.8 


60 
54 


39 
24 








101.0 
101. 2 


48 , 
48 




lla.m 












21 










101. 2 


54 


24 








101.0 


60 


30 










101.4 


54 


30 








100.7 
101.0 


42 
48 


18 


2 p. m 






















102.2 


66 


30 








102.0 


fill 


32 


4p.m 








102.4 


Oil 


36 








101.8 


66 


36 











' Given a preliminary tuberculin lest December 7, 1892. 



62 



Temperature an taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



Feb. 1-2. 
Before inject ion. 



noon 

p. m 

p.m 

p. m 

p.m..' 

p.m 

p.m 

p.m 

p.m 

p.m 

p.m 

p. m 

midnijjlit. 



in 
11 
12 
1 

2 a. m . 

3 a. m . 
4ii.ui. 

a. m. 



a. m. 



5 
6 

7 

8 a. m 

9 a. m 

10 a. m 

1 1 a. m 
12 

1 



noon 

p.m. 
p.m., 

p.m. 
p. m. 



Feb. 2-3. 


After inject] 


CS 








p£ 


£ 


S c 




S-p 




H 


Ph 


101.0 


42 


101.5 


48 


101.5 


45 


101.0 


42 


101.2 


36 


101.2 


45 


10L5, 


42 


-1U2.3 


66 


102.2 


60 


103.0 


60 


104.6 


54 


104.8 


60 


104.8 


72 


103.8 


63 


104.2 


48 


104.0 


54 


, 104. 2 


48 ! 


103. 6 


60 1 


104. 


54 


103. 1 


54 j 


103.6 


60 1 


103.0 


78 : 


102.5 


60 


102.0 


51 


101.8 


48 


101.3 


48 


101.0 


•±2 


101.4 


42 


100.8 


48 


101.0 


48 : 


101.8 


72 


102. 


66 




Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



II I 



a. m 100.0 ; 48 18 

a. m 100.2 ' 48 18 

a. m 100.2 48 15 

noon 100.2 I 51 18 

p.m ' 100.2 ; 48 18 

p.m 100.4 48 18 

p. in 101.0 60 24 

p.m 102.0 60 24 

p.m 102.4 54 24 

li.ni 101.8 ! 48 21 

p.m 101.5 44 ; 20 

p.m 101.6 48 20 

p.m 101.2 54 24 

p.m 101.4 48 24 

p.m 101.5 60 20 

midnight 100.6 56 24 

a. m ; 100.4 60 24 

a. m 100.6 50 20 

a.m 100.8 , 60 ; 24 

a. m 100.8 44 j 24 

a. in 101.0 44 24 

a.m ; 100.6 48 18 

a.m ! 101.0 I 44 18 

a. m Tnj. tuberculin S. 

a. m ; 

noon 

P-m : ' 



101. 
101.0 
100.2 
100.4 
100.4 
100.4 
100.4 
101.1 

102. 8 
104.0 
104.4 
105.0 
106.0 
106.2 
106.6 
106.3 
106.2 
105.4 
105.1 
104.2 
104.6 
104.6 
103.0 



101.4 
101.2 

100.8 



T.l 



Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



J ! g\g 
0h I M 



100.0 
99.8 
100. 4 
100,4 
101.2 
101.8 
102. 6 
103.0 
102.4 
102.0 
101.8 
101. 5 

101. 4 
101.6 
101.5 
100. 8 
101.6 
101.8 
101.8 
101.6 

102. 
102.2 
102.4 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



Inj. tuberculin S. 



H 



101.8 
101.7 
100 4 
100 4 
101.2 

102. 2 
KKi. 4 
104.2 
103.8 
105. 2 
104.8 j 
104.3 
104.2 

103, 8 
103. 8 
104.7 
104.6 
104.8 
104.8 
104.8 
104.8 
104.6 
104.2 



103.0 
102.8' 
102.8 



72 

72 | 
78 ! 
78 
72 I 



76 I 20 
72 ; 24 
72 • 20 



Given a preliminary tuberculin test December 



63 



Temperature as taken he/ore and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



Mar. 15-16. Mar. 16-17. 

Before injection. ] After injection. 






I i . 

« i H 



y a. ni. 

10 a. m. 

11 a. m. 

12 noon 
lp. m. 
2p.m. 



5 p. m 

6p. m 

7 p. m 

8 p. m 

9p. m 

10 p. m 

lip. m 

12 midnight, 
la. m 



(a. m. 

ia. m. 

fa. m. 
10 a.m. 
12 noon 

lp.m. 



99.6 


54 


18 


99.4 


48 


18 


100.0 


00 


18 


100.4 


54 


18 


100.4 


54 


21 


101.0 


63 


21 


102.0 


72 


33 


102.3 


72 


30 


102.1 


66 


30 


102. 


72 


30 


102.2 


60 


24 


101.6 


68 


28 


102.0 


68 


24 


101.5 


60 


20 


101.8 


64 


30 


101.4 


64 


24 


101.3 


64 


24 


101.4 


60 


20 


101.0 


72 


24 


101.2 


60 


18 


101.5 


64 


24 


101.4 


60 


18 


101.8 


56 


18 



Mar. 15-16. Mar. 16-17. 

Before injection. After injection. 



Inj. tuberculin S. 




Mar. 15-16. Mar. 16-17. 

Before injection. ; After injection. 



I- 
H 



U 



9 a. m . 
10a.m. 
11 a. m . 
32 noon 

1 p. m. 



3p.ni 

4 p. m 

5p.m 

6 p. m 

7 p. m 

8 p.m 

9pm 

10 p.m 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 



2 a. m . . 

3 a. m . 
4a.m.. 
5 a. m . 
6a. in. 
8 a. m . 
9a.m.. 

10 a. m . . 
12 noon 
1 p.m.. 



98.6 

99^4 
99.8 
"100. 
101.2 
102.0 
102.2 
102. 4 
102. 
101.6 
101.8 
102. 
101.8 
102.0 
101.2 
101.6 
101.5 
101.8 
101.8 
102.0 
101.8 
101.8 



Inj. tuberculin S. 



101.8 
101.6 
101.2 
100.8 
101.2 
101.6 
102.6 
102. 6 
102. 2 
103.8 
104.5 
105.6 
106.8 
106.2 
106. 2 
105.6 
105.8 
105.6 
105.6 
105.0 
104.0 
104.0 
103.5 



Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



101.3 
101.4 
101.6 
101. 8 
101.6 
101.6 
102.2 
102.6 
101.4 
101.5 
101.4 
101.6 
101.4 
101.2 
101.5 
100.8 
100.8 
101.3 
101. 
100.8 
101.8 
101.5 
101.4 






2£ 



101. 4 
101.4 
100.6 
101. 
101.3 
101.4 
101.6 
102.4 
102. 
102.6 
103.2 
103.7 
105.3 
105.9 
106. 2 
106.0 
105.4 
105.2 
105. 



102. 2 
101.8 
101.6 



Inj. tuberculin S. 



104.8 


84 


24 


103.2 


72 


30 


102.8 


72 


27 


102.7 : 


78 


24 


101.8 ! 


72 


18 


102. 5 


66 


18 



' Given a preliminary tuberculin test December 7, 1892. 



64 



Temperature an taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



9 a. m 

10 a. m 

11 a. m 

12 noon 

lp. in 

2 p. ni 

3 p. m 

4p.m 

5p.m 

6 p. ni 

7 p. in 

8 p. m 

9 p. ni 

10 p. ni 

11 p. in 

12 midnight. 

1 a.m 

2 a. ni- 

3a. in 

4 a. in 

5 a. in 

6 a. in 

8 a. in 

9 a. in 

10 a. in 

12 noon 

1 p. in 



101.0 

100.0 
100.8 
100.8 
100.8 
101.3 
102. 
102. 6 
103.0 
102.4 
102.0 
102. 
102.0 
102. 2 
102. 
101.8 
102.0 
101.7 
101.8 
102. 
102.0 
101.8 
101.8 
Inj. tuberculin 



101.7 

101.6 

101.8 

101.4 

101.4 

102,0 

102. o 

102.6 ! 

102.0 

102.2 

103.4 

103.5 

104.5 

105. 4 

105.4 

105.6 

105.4 

105.6 

105. 8 

104. g 

104.8 

104.4 

KM. 2 



319 ^ 



103.0 | 60 
102.2 52 
102.4 60 



Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 10-17. 
After injection. 



99.0 
99.4 
100. 
100.2 
101.4 
102.7 
102.8 
103. 
102.4 
102.0 
102.2 
102.0 
102.0 
1.01. 6 
101.4 
102.2 
101.6 
101.5 
102.0 
102.2 
.2 



J Inj. tuberculin S. 



102.5 
102.2 
101.6 
101.4 
101.6 
102.0 
103. 
105.2 
105.2 
106.6 
107.4 
107.2 
107.0 
106.4 
106.4 
105.4 
106.2 
106.0 
105. 4 
105.0 
105. 
104.8 
104.2 



103.2 
103.2 
102. 6 



64 24 

66 20 

72 IS 



Mar. 15-10. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



9 a. in 


99. 


10 a. m 


09. 




99, 










2p.m 


.. 101. 


3p. ni 


.. 102. 


4 p. in 


.. 103. 


5 p. in 


.. 103. 


p. ni 


. . 103. 


7 p. in ... 




8 p. ni 


- . 103. 


'■>P- ni 


.. 103. 


10]). in 


. . 102. 


11 p. ni 


.. 102. 


12 midnight 


.. 102. 


1 a. in 


.. 101. 


2 a. m 


..! 102. 




. . 102. 


4 a. in 


.. 102. 


5 a. in 


..: 101. 


6 a. in 


.. 101. 


8a. m 


102. 


9 a. in 


.. Inj. 



52 


24 


60 


20 


60 


20 


56 


16 


60 


20 


64 


18 


60 


18 


54 


24 


56 


24 


60 


is 


56 


10 



10 a. m . 
12 noon. 
1 p. in . . 



102.0 
102.0 
101.0 
100.8 
101. o 
101.3 
102.2 
102.7 
101.0 
101.5 
102.3 
102. 5 
102.8 
102.6 
102.8 
101.8 
101.8 
102. 2 
101.6 
102.0 
101.8 
101.:. 
101.6 

102.0' 

101.8 
101.8 



98.8 

99.4 

90. 

99.4 
100.4 
100. 3 
100.8 
102. 
102.6 
102. 2 
102.0 
101.5 
101.5 
101.6 
101.5 
101.4 
101.2 
101.0 
101.2 
101.5 
101.4 
101.5 
101.6 
Inj. tuberculin ! 



101.8 
101.2 
100.0 
99.8 
99.9 
100.2 
101.0 
102. 
101.0 
101.6 
102. 

102. 5 

103. 2 
103.6 

104. 2 
104.2 
103.6 
103. 2 
102.8 
102.6 



101.2 52 
101.5 48 
101.0 60 



65 

Temperature as taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



Mar. 15-16. Mar. 16-17. 

Before injection. After injection. 



Mar. 15-16. Mar. 16-17. 

Before injection. After injection. 



9a.m ! 100.8 



10 a. m 

11 a. m 

12 noon... 

lp. m 

2p.m 

3p.m 

4p.m 

5p.m 



7p. ra 

8p.m 

9p. m 

10p.ni 

11 p. m 

12 midnight . 



2 a. m. 
3a.m. 
4 a. m . 
5a.m. 
6a. m. 
8a.m. 



10a.m. 
12 noon 
1 p. m. 



100. 

100. ( 
100.4 
100. -1 
100. 8 
101.4 

101. 8 

102. ( 
102.; 
102. ( 

101. 8 

102. ( 

101. 8 

102. ( 
102. ( 
101. < 

ioi.: 

101.8 
101., 
100.8 
101. t 
101.! 
Inj. i 



<B 








P 








S9 




~ 


j 






^ 


" 


101.8 


44 


101.6 


44 


101.2 


54 


100.9 


51 


100.8 


51 


101.2 


48 


101.2 


06 


102. 2 


54 


101.2 


54 


101.6 


52 


101.8 


48 


101.6 


00 


102.2 


00 


103.0 


60 


103.4 


48 | 


103.3 


57 


103.2 


57 


103.0 


45 


102. G 


48 | 


102.4 


51 


1.01.8 


54 


102.0 


54 


101. S 


48 : 


101.4 


-18 


101.6 


60 


102.0 


48 
1 



! £ ! £ 



99.6 

99.6 
100.0 
100.2 
100.5 
100.4 
101.6 
102.4 
102.2 
102.3 
102. 4 
102.0 
102.5 
102.0 
102.0 
101.8 
102.2 
101.8 ! 

101. 8 
102.2 I 

102. 
102. j 
102. 2 i 
Inj. tut 



102.2 
102. i 
99.1 
99. 
99.6 
99.8 I 
101. | 
101. 2 
101. 
100.8 I 
101.4 j 
101.8 
102.2 I 
102.8 



103.0 
103.0 
103. 
102.6 
102.5 
102.4 
102.8 



101.9 ! 52 
101.8 48 
101. 2 56 



Mar. 15-16. 
Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



. Mar. 15-16. 

Before injection. 



Mar. 16-17. 
After injection. 



9 a. m.. 

10 a.m.. 

11 a. m.. 

12 noon, 
lp.m.. 

2 p.m.. 

3 p.m.. 
4p.m.. 

5 p.m. 

6 p.m. 

7 p.m. 

8 p.m. 

9 p.m. 



10 p. m 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 
1 a. m 



a. m. 
8a. m. 
9a. m. 

10 a. m. 
12 noon 

1 p.m.. 



60 
60 

60 , 
64 
60 
60 



102.0 

102. 
100.4 
100. 4 
101.4 
101.2 
101.6 
102.2 
102.5 
103.5 
104.2 
104.8 
105.8 
105.8 
106.4 
106.2 
105.6 
106.0 
105.4 
105. 2 
104.6 

103. 8 
102.8 



102. 
101.4 
101.2 



78 




84 


24 


72 


24 


78 


18 


87 


30 


72 


30 


66 


24 


66 


24 


72 


24 


66 


20 


60 


18 



101.0 
100.5 
100. 8 
101.2 
101.5 
101.7 
102.9 
103.2 
104. 
103.8 
103.6 
103.2 
103.0 
103.5 
103.2 
103. 
103.4 
103.0 
102. 5 
103.2 
103.0 
102. 8 
102. 8 
Inj. tube 



102. 6 
102.8 

102. 6 
102.5 
103.4 

103. 4 
103.8 
105.6 
105. 
104.8 
104.0 
105. 
105. 6 
105.6 
105.4 
105.4 
105.6 
105. 6 
105. S 
105.8 
105.6 
105.4 
105.6 



104.5 80 
103.0 80 

103.6 76 



2891— "No. 7- 



66 



Temperature an taken before and after the injection <>f tuber vul 



fin — Continued. 




* 



8*6^ 



Mar. 22. j Mar. 21. | Mar. 22. 

After \ Before | After 

injection, injection, injection. 



1(10.7 

a.m I 101. S j 10J.2 

a.m i 101.2 101.4 

a.m I 100.5 ! 100.0 

100.4 

noon KJ0.2 | 100.4 

p.m 101.0 100.0 

p.m 101.2 ' 101.0 

p.m 101.2 101.6 

p.m 101.0 101.8 

p.m 102.0 

p.m 101.4 101.0 

p.m 102.0 101.4 

p.m 101.8 101.0 

p.m 101. 8 ! 101.2 

p.m 101. 8 101.4 

p.m 101.8 

midnight ' Inj. tuberculin K. 



102. 2 
102.2 
100. 6 
100.2 
100.8 
100.8 
101.6 
101.6 
102.0 



101.5 
101.6 
102. 
101.5 
101.6 
101.8 
Inj. tuberculin K 



101.6 
101.9 

101. 9 
101.4 
101.5 
101. 5 
101.2 
102.0 

102. 2 
102.8 
102.5 
102. 4 
102. 
101.8 
102.4 
101.8 



Jtfar. 21 . 

Before 

injection 



103. 2 
102.8 
102.5 
103.0 
102.6 
102.4 
102. 2 
102.2 
102.2 



Mar. 22. | Mar. 21. I Mar. 22. 

After ! Before j After 
injection, injection, injection 



102.0 
102.4 
102.6 
102.4 
102. 6 
102.8 
ij. tuberculin K. 



100.2 
98.8 
99.5 
100.0 
99.5 
100.5 
101.4 
101.4 
101.8 



101.8 
102.0 

101.8 
101.2 
101.0 

101.0 

Inj. tuberculin K 



102. 2 
102.6 
103.4 
102. 6 
103.4 
104.2 
104. 2 

103. 4 
103.6 
103. 6 
103. 8 
103. 
102. 5 
102.0 
101.8 
102.0 



Mar. 21. 

Before 

injection 



Mar.22. 

After 
injection. 



Mir. 21. ! Mar. 22. Mar. 21. 

Before | After Before 

injection, injection, injection. 



Mar. 21. Max. 22. 

Before After 

injection, injection. 



p.m. 
p.m. 

p. in. 
p. in. 
p. m. 
p. m . 
p. m. 
]>. m. 
p. m. 



7 a. in 
8a. ni 
9 a.m 

10 a. m 

11 a. m 

12 noon 

1 p. m 

2 p.m 

3 p. m 

4 p.m 

5 p.m 

6 p.m 

7 p.m 

8 p.m 

9 p.m 

10 p. m 

11 p. m 



101.0 
100.6 

100.8 

101.0 
100. 2 
101.4 
101.2 

102.2 

102.8 



106. 5 

107.2 

107. :. 
105.6 
106. 
106. 
106. 
105. 4 

105. 8 
105.4 

106. 



100.6 
100.8 
100.0 
101.0 
100.8 
100.4 
101.6 
101.8 
102.0 



103.0 
102.8 
102.6 
102.4 
102.6 
102. 4 
Inj. tuberculh. K. 



105.0 


105.4 


105. 5 


105.6 


105. 4 



101.8 

102.2 
102. 
101.2 
101.5 
101.2 
Inj. tuberculin K. 



101.8 

102. 2 
102.7 

103. 2 
105. 
105.8. 
105. 8 
105. 8 i 
105. 6 I 
105. 5 
105.4 . 

104. 4 ' 
103.6 

103. 
104.2 

104. 6 



99.5 
100.6 

100. 2 
101.1 

101. 
101.2 
101.6 



102.0 
101.8 
101.8 
101. 8 
101.4 
101.2 .. 
Inj. tuberculin K 



102.0 
102. 4 
103.2 
104.4 

104. (I 
105.6 

105. 8 
105. 8 
105. 6 

105. 8 

106. 2 
104.8 
105.0 
105.0 
105. 
105 6 





104.9 


100.3 


J.05.8 


99.2 


106. 4 


on. 5 


105. 8 


101.0 


106. 4 


101.2 


107.1 


101.4 


106.6 


101.9 


106.2 


102.4 


105. 8 


102.3 


106.3 




106.2 


102. 4 


105. 8 


102.4 


106.8 


102.0 


106. 5 


101.8 


106.2 


101. 8 


105. « 


101.9 




Inj. tuberculin K. 



jU 



Mar. 21. | Mar. 22. | Mar. 21. Mar. 22. Mar. 21. j Mar. 22. ' Mar. 21. I Mar. 22. 
Before After | Before I After , Before ! After 
injection, injection, injection, injection, injection, injection. 



Before ! After 
injection, injection 











101.2 
101.2 

101.3 
101.2 






















101.0 
101.2 
101.6 
101.6 


















102.8 




101.6 


103.0 




102. 
101.6 
101.7 
101.8 
101.9 


103. 4 



















102.2 
101.4 
101.5 
100.8 
100.0 
101.4 
101.0 
102.4 
102.2 



12 midnight Inj. tuberculin K. li 



101.8 
101.8 
101.2 
101.6 
101.4 
101.5 



102. 2 
102.6 
102.5 
101.5 
102. 
102. 6 
102. 5 
102.5 
102. 9 
102.6 
102.5 
101. 
101.0 
102.2 
101.6 
101.2 





103.0 


100.5 


104.8 


100. 6 


106. 2 


101.8 


105.2 


101.0 


106.4 


100.8 


106.9 


101.2 


106.6 


101.1 


106.6 


101.6 


106. 


101.5 


106.8 




107.8 


102.0 


106.5 


102.0 


107.2 


102.2 


107.8 


102.0 


107.2 


102.0 


107.0 


101.8 





101.5 
101.2 
101.0 
101.0 
100. 2 
100.0 
101.4 
102.0 
102.5 



102.5 
1 02. 6 
101.6 
101.5 
102.2 
102.2 
inj. t aberculin K 



101.7 
103.6 
103.6 

103. 4 
101.2 
101. 2 
101.3 
105.4 
105. 6 
105.6 
106.0 
104.6 
104.6 
104.6 

104. 
104. 2 



67 



Temperature as taken be/ore and after the injection of tuberculin— Continued. 



7 a.m 

8a. in 

9 a. m 

10 a. m 

11 a.m 

12 noon 

1 p. m 

2p.m 

3p.m 

4 p.m 

5p.m 

6p. m 

7p.m 

Sp.in 

9p.m 

10 p. m 

11 p.m 

12 midnight . 



l Mar. 21 . Mar. 22. 
] Before After 
injection, injection 



| 102.2 

101.0 | 102.2 

101. 103. 

100. 5 103. 

99. 8 103. 6 

99. 8 105. 

100. 4 105. 

101. 2 105. 5 

101. 2 105. 2 
101. 4 105. 5 

105. 2 

102. 2 103. 7 
101.8 104.0 
102. 6 104. 2 
102. 104. 
101.8 103.8 
101.6 

Inj . tuberculin K. 



K 



Mar. 27. Mar. 28. Mar. 27. Mar. 28. 

Before After Before After 

injection, injection, injection, [injection. 



102.2 
102.2 
103.0 
103.2 
103.3 
103. 2 
103.6 
103.6 
103.2 
103.2 
102.6 
102.4 
101.6 
101.6 
101.7 
101.6 



103.8 

103. 

103.3 

103.6 

103.6 

103. 2 

103. 2 

103.2 

103.4 

103.6 

103.0 

103.2 

102.8 

101.8 

101.8 

101. 

101. 



100.8 
101.2 
101.2 
101.0 
100.8 
100.8 
101.3 
101. 4 
102.0 
101.3 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
101.0 
101. 



102. 4 
102.0 
102.4 

103. 4 I 
103. 6 I 
103.4 j 
103.2 I 
103. i 
103. I 
102.8 
103. i 
102. 8 
102.8 I 
103.2 I 
103.2 | 
102. 5 j 
102.2 



99.9 

100. 6 
101.2 

101. 
101.0 
101.4 
101.3 j 
101.6 
101. 6 I 
101.2 I 
101.0 
100.8 | 
101. 
100.8 | 
101.0 



103. 

102. 5 

103. 2 
104.0 
104.0 
103.6 
103.6 
102.8 
102.6 
102.6 
102.6 
102.4 
102.0 
102.2 
102.2 
102.0 
101.8 



Inj. tuberculin K. '■ Inj. tuberculin K. Inj. tuberculin K. 



7 a. m. 

8 a.m. 



10 a.m 

11 a.m 

12 noon 

lp.m 

2 p.m...... 

3 p.m...... 

4 p.m 

5p.m 

op. m 

7 p.m 

8p.m 

9p-m 

10 p.m...... 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 



m. 



9 a.m.. 

10 a.m.. 

11 a. m . . 

12 noon, 
lp.m.. 
2 p. m . 
3p.m.. 
4 p. m . . 
5p.m. . 
6 D.in. . 



8 p.m 

9 p.m 

lOp.m 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 



101.0 
101.8 
102.0 
102.0 
101.8 
102.1 
102.0 
102. 2 
102.4 
102.2 
102.6 
102.6 
102.8 
103.0 
102.5 
102.4 



Mar. 28. Mar. 27. 

After ] Before 

injection.! injection 



103.7 
103.0 
103.8 
104.0 
105.0 
104.7 
104.8 
104.0 
103.8 
104.4 
104.5 
104.2 
104.0 
104. 2 
104.4 
104.4 
104.0 



Inj. tuberculin K. 



99.6 
100.2 
100.4 
100.8 
100.6 

100. 6 
101.0 
101.2 
101.5 
102.2 
102.0 
101.8 
101.7 
102.0 

101. 6 
101.5 



Mar. 28. Mar. 27. 

After Before 

injection.) injection 



104. 2 
104.8 
105.3 
105.6 
105.0 
106.0 
105.8 
105.0 
104.4 
105.2 

105. 
104.5 
104.8 
104.0 
103.8 
103.2 
102. 8 



Inj. tuberculin K. 



100. 8 
101.3 
101.0 
101.2 
101.0 
100.8 
101.0 
101.2 
101.6 
101.4 
101.2 
101.3 
101.2 
101.2 

101. 2 
101.4 



Mar. 28. 

After 

injection 



106. 2 
106.0 

106. 5 

107. 
106.5 
106.2 
106.0 
105. 
105.0 
105.2 
104.8 
104.5 
104.2 
103.6 
102. 8 
102. 8 
102. 5 



Inj. tuberculin K. 



Mar. 27. Mar. 28. 
Before j After 
injection, injection. 



100.0 
100.4 
100.8 
100.6 
101.0 
100.8 
101.6 
101.7 
101.8 
101.5 
101.0 
101.5 
101.2 
101.6 
101.4 



101.6 
101.7 
102.4 
104.0 
104.8 
105.2 
105.2 
104.1 
104.4 
105.1 
104.6 
104.2 
104.6 
103.2 
103.2 
102.5 
102.0 



Inj. tuberculin K. 



345 


Mar. 27. 


Mar. 28. 


Before 


After 


injection. 


injection. 





102. 


99.8 


102. 5 ! 


100.2 


102. 8 ! 


100.2 


104.8 


100.8 


105. 3 


100.6 


106. 9 


100. .6 


106.0 


100.4 


105. 4 j 


101.2 


105. 2 


101. 6 


106. 2 


101.6 


106.0 


101.4 


106. | 


101.4 


106. 2 1 


101.2 


105.2 ! 


100.8 


105.2 1 


100.6 


104. 6 1 


101.0 


104.2 j 


Inj. tube 


rculin K. 



Mar. 27. j Mar. 28. 

Before After 

injection, injection 



101.3 
101.4 
101.8 
102.8 
104.9 
104.8 
104.6 
104. 8 
104.8 
105.2 
105.0 
105.2 
106.4 
105.3 
104.8 
105.2 
104.5 
culin K. 



Apr. 12. 

Before 

injection. 



99.4 
99.4 
100.2 
100.2 
100.6 
100.6 
101.2 
101.4 
101.7 
101.8 
101.3 
101.0 
101.0 
10.1.0 
100.5 
101.0 
Inj. tube 



100.6 
101.0 
101.1 
101.3 
101.4 
101.5 
101.6 
101.6 
102.8 
102.6 
102.4 
102.0 
102. 
101.6 
101. 6 
101.3 
Inj. tube 



Apr. 13. 

After 

injection. 



102.6 
102.4 
104.2 
105.4 
105.6 
105.4 
105.8 
105.7 
105.6 
106.8 
106.7 
106.6 
106.0 
106.1 
106.2 
105. 8 
105. 8 
ulin S. 



Apr. 12. 

Before 

injection. 



Apr. 13. 

After 

injection. 



100.2 

100. 4 j 
101.0 

ioi. o ! 

101.0 
101. 4 I 
101.4 
102.0 
102.7 
102.4 
102. 4 ! 
102. 
101.6 

101. 6 
101.4 
101.6 

Inj. tube 



101.8 
101.6 
102.7 
103.6 
104.8 
105.6 
105.6 
105.2 
105.2 
106.0 
106.2 
105.7 
105.5 
105. 6 
105.8 
105. 6 



68 



Temperature at taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



Apr. 12. ! Apr. 13. ! Apr. 12. Apr. 13. 

Before i After j Before After 

injection, injection, injection, injection 



7 a. m 104.8 

8a.m 101.3 104.5 

9a.m 101.8 100.0 

lOa.m 101.4 106.7 

lla.m 101.8 10G.5 

12 noon I 101.8 106.0 

lp.m 101.6 106.2 

2p.m ! 101.7 106.2 

3p.m i 102.2 ! 105.6 

4p.m I 102.6 105.8 

5p.m 102.2 106.0 

6p.ni 102.2 106.2 

7p.ni ! 102.0 105.8 

8 p. ni | 101.8 105.0 

9 p. m ! 101.8 ' 104.2 

10p.ni | 101.6 103.8 

Up. m 101.6 103.5 

12 midnight Inj. tuberculin S 

353 



100.5 
100.6 
100.4 
100. 6 
100. 2 
100. 6 
101.2 
101.6 
101.5 
101.6 
101.5 
101.2 
100. 8 
100.8 
100.8 
101.0 
inj. tuber. 



Apr. 12. Apr. 13. Apr. 12. Apr. 13. 
Before. After ! Before After 
njection. injection, injection, injection. 



101. 4 
101.0 
103.4 
106. 
105.4 
105.0 
105.0 
104.0 

104. S 

105. 6 
105.6 
105. 6 
105. 
105.2 
105. I 
105.4 
105. 2 

ulin S. Inj. tuberculin S 



100. 
101.2 
101.6 
101.6 
101.6 
101.2 
101.4 
101.0 
101.4 
102. 6 
102.4 
102. 2 
101.8 
101.7 
101.6 
101.6 



103. 8 
104.3 
105.4 
106.6 
106.4 
106.4 
106. 2 

105. 8 
105.8 
100. 1 

106. 4 
106.2 
106.7 
105.8 
105.8 
105. 8 
105.5 



102.3 
102. 6 

101.8 
101.4 I 
101.4 

101. 6 
101.7 j 
102.4 j 
102.6 

102. 8 
103.0 
102. 8 
102. 8 
102.2 
102.2 
102. 2 



103.0 
103.0 
104.0 
106.2 
106.2 
105.2 
105.2 
104. 2 
104.4 
105. 2 
105. 3 
105. 
104.5 
104. 2 
104.2 
1114.1 
104.4 



Inj. tuberculin S. 



Hour. 



noon . 
p.m.. 
p.m.. 

P, Ml 

p.m.. 
1). m.. 
p. vn.. 
p. m. . 
p.m.. 
p. m. . 

p. 711 . . 



7 a. m 

8 a. m 

9 a. m 

10 a. m 

11 a. in 

12 noon 

1 p. ni 

2 p. in 

3 |>. Ill 

4 p. m 

5 p. m 

6p.m 

7 p.m. 

8 p. m 

9pm 

10 p. m 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 



Apr. 12. Apr. 13. May 1. May 2. 
Before After Before Alto- 
injection, injection, injection, injection 



101.4 
102. 2 
102.0 
102.0 
101.8 
101.6 
101.2 
101.6 
102.6 
102. 2 
102. 5 
102. 2 
102. 
102. 
101.8 
101. x 



102. 2 

102. 2 
101.8 
101.8 
102.6 

103. 6 
103. 4 

102. 6 

103. 
103. 4 
103.8 
103.4 
103.4 
102.4 
102.4 
102. 
102.0 



101.8 
102. 2 
101. 8 



12 midnight Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S 



A 



101.5 

101.8 
101.8 

102. 6 

103. 4 
103.5 
14)2.6 
102. 2 
102.4 
102. 
101.8 



May 1. j May 2. May]. May 2. 

Before ; After Before \ After 

injection, injection, injection, injection. 



100. 5 

100.8 
101.0 



101.8 
101.6 
101.8 
102.0 
103.2 
103.9 
104.8 
105.4 
104.8 
104.2 
104.3 



100.4 
100.9 
100.8 



101.6 
101.6 
101.2 
101.8 
102. 8 
102. S 
102.0 104.0 

101. 6 103. 6 

101.4 104.0 

101.2 103.2 

101.4 103.0 

Inj. tuberculin S. 



100.8 

101.4 

101.8 

102.0 

102. 

101.8 I. 

101.6 

101.2 

101.2 

101.0 | 

100.8 I 



101.5 
101.6 
101.6 
101.6 
102.0 
102.6 
102. 9 
103.6 
103.2 
103.6 
104.0 



104.0 
103. 7 
103.5 
103.2 
102.8 



luj. tuberculin S. 



Mavl- May 2. May 1. May 2. May 1. May 2. 

Before After lie fore After Before After 

injection, injection, injection, injection, injection, injection. 



101.8 

101.5 
101.7 



101.4 
101.8 
101.8 
102. 2 
102. 6 
102.8 . 
101. 4 
101.6 
101.6 I 
101.4 
101.4 I 



102. 4 

102. 2 

102.4 
102.6 
102.8 
102.9 
102.8 

103. 
102.8 
102.6 
103. 



±- 



Mav 1. May I 
Before After 

injection, injection. 



101.4 
101.2 
101. 2 



101.6 
101.2 
101.2 
101.6 
102. 4 

102. 8 

103. 8 



101.2 

101.3 
101. 5 



102.2 
102. 
101.2 
101.8 
101.5 



Inj. tuberculin 8. 



101.8 


104.6 


102. 


105.0 


102.0 




101.2 


105. 6 


100. 8 


105.4 


100.8 


104. 6 


100. 8 


104.0 


100.6 


103.8 



101.4 

101. 3 
102.5 
102.8 
102.8 
103. 2 

102. 6 
102. 2 
102. 4 
102. 4 
102. 2 



1(11. 
104.. 
106. ! 
106. 8 
106. 9 
107.0 i. 
107.2 
107.3 
105.4 
104. 8 
105.2 



106.2 
106. 
104.7 
104. 
103.6 



Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. 



101.5 
101.4 

"ioi.T 

101. 9 
101.5 

102. 4 
102.2 
102.4 .. 
101.6 
101.5 
101.2 
101.2 
101.0 

Inj. tuben 



101.2 
101.2 
100.6 
100.7 
100.6 
100.6 
101.0 
101.3 
101.4 
102.2 
102.4 



102. 8 
102.4 
102. 2 
102.0 
101.8 
ulin S. 



69 



Temperature as taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



May 1. : May 2. | May 1. May 2. May 1. 

Before I After j Before After Before 

injection, [injection, (injection, injection, 'injection. 



May 2. I Mar. 21 . Mar. 22. 

After Before I After 

injection, injection, iinjection. 



. m. 



a.m. 
a.m. 
noon 
p.m. 
p. m. 
p. m . 
p. m - 
p.m. 
1' 



101. G 
101.3 
101. 



101.2 I 
101.2 ! 
101.8 j 
102.4 
102.0 | 

102. G ;. 

p.m 101.6 



p. m 

p.m 

p.m 

p.m 

midnight 



101.7 
101.6 
101.4 
101.4 






101.2 
101.4 
101. 2 



101.2 
102. 
101.8 
102.2 
102.8 
102. 2 
101.2 
101. 2 
101.5 
101.4 
101.2 



102. G 

103.4 ! 

104.0 i 101.9 
104.4, 101.2 
104. 8 i 101. 3 

104.2 j 

104.0 ! 101.3 
103.0 I 



103. 
103.4 
103.4 



103.8 
103.6 
102.4 
103.0 
102.6 



tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. 



101.6 
101.5 
102.4 
102. 8 
103.2 . 
101.8 
101.6 
101.6 
101. 6 ' 
101.8 j 
Inj. tubei 



102.0 
102.4 
101.4 
102.4 
103.8 
104.4 
105.4 
100.0 
105. 
105.0 
105.8 



105.2 
1.04. 
103.4 
103. 2 
103.0 
•ulin s. 



100. 4 
100.5 
99.8 
99.6 
100.8 
101.4 
101.2 
102.0 
102.7 



102.7 
102.0 
101.8 
101.9 
101.8 
101.8 



104.2 
104.8 
105.7 
104.6 
104.9 
105.8 
105.6 
105.0 
105.6 
106.5 
105.2 
104.8 
105. 
104.5 
103. 8 
103.0 



Inj. tuberculin K. 



Mar. 21. ' Mar. 22. , Mar. 21. ; Mar. 22- 

Before ; After ; Before j After 

injection, injection, injection.; injection. 



7 a. m 

8a.m 

9 a. m 

11 a. m 

10 a, m 

12 noon 

1 p.m 

2 p. m 

3 p. m 

4 p. m 

5 p.m 

6 p. m 

7 p.m 

8 p. m 

O'p. m 

10 p.m 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 



100.0 
100.5 
100.2 
100.6 
101.0 
101.0 
101.6 
102.0 

102." 2" 

101.8 
101.7 



104.9 . 

105. 2 ! 

105.8 

105.2 

105.8 

106.8 

106.5 

106.2 

106.0 

106.8 

106.0 !. 

105.4 

105.4 

105.0 

104.2 

104.2 



99.0 

lbo! 2 
100. 2 
100.4 
101.0 
100. 8 
101.2 
101.7 



Mar. 21. Mar. 22. Mar. 21. I Mar. 22. 

Before ; After ] Before After 

injection, injection, injection, injection. 



102.8 
102.4 
102. 
101.2 J 
101.0 
101.0 
101.3 
101.2 I 
102.0 j 
103 i 
102.4 



102.0. 
102. 
101.8 
102.0 
101.0 
101.7 
102.0 

102. 

103. 



103. 5 
103.8 
104.2 
103.6 
104.2 
105. 4 

105. 8 

106. 3 
106. 



101.6 
101.6 
Inj. tuberculin K 



102. 
101.8 
101.5 
101.4 
101.4 101:8 

101.0 I 

Inj. tuberculin K. 



101.4 



102.2 
102.5 
102.6 
102.4 
102.2 

102.0 i 

Inj. tuberculin K 



105. 
104.0 
103. 8 
103.8 
103.0 
103. 



101.0 J 
101.0 
100.6 
101.0 : 
101.0 i 
101.4 
101.2 i 
102. 0. 
102.0 ! 

102. o'i 

102.2 I 

101.8 

101.7 

101.8 j 

101.9 \. 
Inj. tubert 



102.7 
102. 8 
103.0 
102.8 
102.7 
102.8 
102.4 
102.6 
102.8 
102.8 
102. 5 
102. 2 
102.0 
101. 5 
101.0 
101.3 



! Mar. 21. Mar. 22. 
; Before j After 
injection, iinjection. 



Mar. 21. 

Before 

injection. 



Mar. 22. i Mar. 27. : Mar. 28. Mar. 27. j Mar. 28. 

After I Before ! After Before | After 
injection, iinjection. injection, injection, injection. 



7a.m i 102.2 . 

8 a. 111 i 101.5 i 102.4 

9 a, 111 1 100. 8 I 102. 3 

lOa.m I 101.0 I 100.6 i 

11 a, m : 100.8 100.7 I 

12 noon I 101.2 101.4 

lp.m 101.2 , 101.6 

2 p. in 101.4 I 102.0 j 

3 p.m 102.0 102.4 j 

4 p. m 102. 4 104. 

5p.m ! 102.5 . 

6 p. to • 102.0 j 102.5 j 

7 p. m 102. I 102. 1 

8p m 101.6 i 101.6 I 

9p.m 101.4 j 101.5 I 

10p.ni 101.8 101.2 j 

11 p.m ! 101.6 I 

12 midnight | Inj. tuberculin K. I 



103. 7 
103.8 
104.0 
102. 
102.2 
102. 8 
102.8 
103.5 

104, 
106. 
104.4 
103.5 
103.0 

101.8 102.4 

101.8 102.2 

101.8 : 102.0 

101.6 1 

Inj. tuberculin K. 



102.2 
101.8 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 

101. 6 
101.8 
102.2 

102. 6 



102. 



101.2 ' 

100.8 

101.0 ! 

101.2 

101.7 ! 

102.0 

102.0 

101. j 

101.2 

101.5 ! 

101.0 



102.8 

102. 8 



104.7 
104.2 
104.0 
103.4 
104.0 
103.8 
103. 5 
104.0 
104.0 
104.2 
103.8 
103. 2 



100. 6 
101.5 
101.5 
101.8 
101.8 
102.0 
102. 2 
102.0 
102.4 
102. 2 



■ulin K. Inj. tuberculin K 



70 



Temperature as taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



LOa. in.. 

11 a. in.. 

12 noon . 

1 p. in . . 

2 p.m. . 

3 p. in . . 

4 it. in. . 



j>. in 

]>. in 

]). in 

p. in 

p. in 

P-ra 

P- in 

midnight. 



p. in 

p. in 

l'i" 

midnight. 



Mar. 27. | Mar. 28. Mar. 27. 

Before After Before 

injection, injection, injection. 



102.8 
102.8 
103.4 
103.6 
1(14.0 
105.0 
105.2 
104.0 
103. 2 
103. 4 
103.2 
103. 
103.0 
1H2.0 
102. 
101.8 
101.5 
Inj. tuberculin K. 



100.it 
100.0 
100. 5 
100. 5 
100. S 

100. 8 
101.0 
101.6 
102.2 
101.8 
102.2 
101.6 
101.8 

101. 6 
101.5 



Mar. 28. 
After 



Mar. 27. 
Before 



injection, injection 



Mar. 28. 

After 

injection, 



Apr. 12. i Apr. 13. 

Before I After 

injection, injection. 



102. 
102.1 
102. 8 I 
102.8 I 
102.4 I 
102.6 I 

102. 6 
102.4 

103. 1 
102.5 
101.4 
101.5 
101.6 
101. 8 
101.6 I 
101. 6 I 

ij. hiberc 



102.3 
103. 

103. 
103.9 
104.5 
106.0 
106.0 
105.4 
104.8 
105.4 
105. 4 
105. o 
105. 2 
104.6 
104.5 
104.5 
104.0 
nlin K. 



101. 6 
101.5 ; 
101.4 ' 
101.4 
101.0 
101.2 | 
101.3 
102.0 
102.2 
102.8 
102.4 
101.8 
102. 

102. 5 
101.8 
101.8 I 

Inj. tubei 



102.6 
102.0 
102.1 
102.4 
102.4 
102.5 
102. 7 
101.8 
101.2 
102.4 
102. 5 
102 2 
102.1 
102. 2 
101.8 
102.0 
101.8 
■culin K. 



100. 6 
90.8 
100. 
100.3 
100.5 
101.6 
101.0 
102.2 
103. 2 
103.4 
102.8 
103.0 
102.8 
102. 5 
102.5 
101.8 



104.4 
103.0 
103.2 
1(14.6 
105. 3 
106.0 
106.0 

105. 6 
106.2 
106.8 
107.2 

106. 5 
106.4 
106.0 
105.6 
105.8 
105.6 



Inj. tuberculin S. 



319 



320 



Mar. 27. 
Before 



101.9 
101.8 
101.5 



102. 6 
102.8 
103.0 
102. 6 
102.5 
101.4 
102.0 
102. 



Mar. 28. Mar. 27. 

Alter Before 

injection, injection. 



103. 

102.0 



Kll. s 

101.6 
101.8 
101.2 

IIID.S 

101.6 
102. 8 
101.2 
1 02. 2 
101.5 
101.6 
101.5 
101.3 



Mar. 28. Mar. 27. Mar. 28. Mar. 27. Mar. 28. 

After Before After Before ; After 

injection, injection, injection, injection, injection. 



101.9 

101.6 

101.3 

101.4 

101.2 

101.0 

101.2 , 

102.4 

102.8 

102. 8 

102.0 

102.2 

101.4 



102.2 
101.0 
101.4 
101.9 
102.2 
102.2 
102.6 
101.4 
101.0 
101.0 
102.0 
101.8 
101.8 
101.2 
101.4 
101.2 
101.(1 



101.4 
1(11.3 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
101.8 
102.2 
102.0 
102.5 
102.4 
101.8 
102. 
102. 
101.5 



101.8 
101. 2 
101.2 
101. 4 
101.4 
101.4 
101.4 
101.2 
100.4 
101.2 
102.0 
101. 6 
101.8 
101.2 



100. 8 
101.4 

ioi. o 

100.9 
100.8 
101.2 
101.6 
101.8 
102.2 
102.8 
102.6 
102.6 
102.0 
102.0 
102.5 
102.0 



102. 
100.8 
100.8 
101.4 
102. 4 
103.8 
104. 2 
103.0 
101.0 
101.4 
102.8 
102. 
102.2 
1H2.0 
101.2 
102.0 
101.5 



Inj. tuberculin K. Enj. tuberculin K. Inj. tuberculin K. Inj. tuberculin K. 



7 a. in 

8a. in 

9 a. in 

10 a. in 

11 a. in 

12 noon 

lp.m 

'-Pi" 

3 ]). m 

4 p. in 

5 p. m 

6 p. in 

7p.m 

8 p. in 

9 p. in 

10 ]>. in 

11 p. m 

12 midnight. 



Mar. 27. Mar. 28. 
lie fore After 

injection, injection. 



101.0 
101.4 
101.4 
101.4 
101.4 

101. 2 
101.6 
102.2 

102. 6 
103.4 
102.6 
102. 2 
102.2 
102. 5 
102. 2 
102. 



. Inj. tuberculin K. 



Mar. 27. Mar. 28. May 25. May 26. May 25. 

Before Alter Before After Before 

injection, injection, injection, injection, injection. 



May 26. 

After 
injection. 



101 


2 


101 


4 


101 


2 


101.1 


101 


7 


102. S 


102 


6 



101.8 
101.8 
101.2 
101.1 | 
101.2 

101.3 I 
101.6 ' 

101.4 I 
101.4 



103. 
103.0 

102.6 
102. G 
102.2 



102. 


101.9 


101.6 


101.7 


101. 8 


102.6 


103.0 



101.8 
102.0 
101.3 
101.5 
101.7 
101.8 
101.8 
102. 4 
103. 4 



103.0 
103.0 
102.5 
102.3 

102.0 



102.4 



Inj. tuberculin K. Inj. tuberculins, i Inj. tuberculins. 



71 



Temperature as taken he/ore and after t lie injection of tuberculin — Continued. 





3 


27 


328 


329 


330 


Hour. 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 26. 

After 

injection. 


Apr. 12. 

Before 

injection. 


Apr. 13. 

After 

injection. 


Apr. 12. I Apr. 13. 

Before : After 

injection, injection. 


Apr. 12. j Apr. 13. 

Before | After 

injection.! injection. 






102.4 
102. 4 

102. 2 
102.6 
102.9 
103.2 
103.0 
103.6 

103. 




101.8 
101.8 
102.8 
104.0 
104.0 
104.6 
104.6 
104.0 
103.4 
105.4 
105.4 
104.5 
104.2 
103.8 
103.0 
102.8 
102.5 
rculin S. 




104.0 
104.2 
104.9 




103. 


8 a. m 


101.6 


101.7 
101.5 
101.4 
101.4 
101.0 
100.8 
101.4 
101.4 
102.7 
102.0 
101.8 
101.5 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
101.0 
Inj. tube 


102.3 
102.3 


102.0 
101.4 
101.2 
101.0 
101.0 
101.2 
100.8 
100.7 
101. 


102.6 
103. 9 


lOa.m 


101.0 


102.0 
102.2 
101.8 
101.6 
101.8 
102.8 
103.4 
103.2 
103.0 
102.7 
102.6 
102.7 
102.6 


105.8 
105.6 
105. 6 
105.4 
104.8 
105.2 
105.6 
105.2 
105.2 
105.0 
104.6 
104.2 
104.2 


104.6 
105.2 




101.3 

"""ioi.*6 
io2."6' 


104.8 


lp.m 


104.0 
10!. 6 


3 p. m 


103.2 
103. 2 


t' 


103.2 
102.8 
102.5 
103.0 
102.6 


101. 5 103. 5 


fin ni 


102. 


101.4 
101.4 
101.0 
101. 
101.0 
101.0 


104.2 


7t> in 


103.6 




101.6 


103. 6 




103.4 




101.8 


103.5 






102. 2 : 104. 
Inj. tuberculin S. 

333 


103. 2 


12 midnight 


Inj. tube 


rcnlin S. 


Inj. tuberculin S. 




31 


3 


3-2 


334 



Apr. 12. i Apr. 13. 

Before j After 

injection.! injection. 



9a. ni 

10 a. ni 

11 a. m 

1 2 noon 

1 p. m 

2p.m 

3p.m 

4p. m 

5 p. m 

6p.m 

7p.m 

8p.m 

9p.m 

10 p.m. 

lip. m 

12 micluight. 



101. 8 
101.8 
101.4 
101.2 
101.0 
100.8 
101.2 
101.4 
101.8 
101. 4 
101.6 
101.7 
101.6 
101.6 
101.8 
101.6 



103.8 
103. 2 
104.4 
105.2 
105.4 
104.8 
103. 8 
103.2 
104.2 
105. 2 
105.6 
105. 8 
105.8 
105. 6 
105.2 
105.2 
104.9 



Apr. 12. 
Before 
injection. 



Apr. 13. 

After 

injection 



Apr. 12. Apr. 13. Apr. 12. 

Before After .Before 

injection, injection.' injection. 



101.2 
102.0 
101.8 
101.6 
101.4 
101.6 
101.6 
101.2 
102.8 
102.7 
102.4 
102. 4 
102.2 
102.0 
102. 
101.8 



104.4 
104.2 
104. 6 ! 
105.8 i 
105.4 ' 
105.4 

104. 8 
104.2 ; 
103.5 
104.9 
105.8 
106.2 i 
106. i 

105. 4 j 
105. 6 
105..2 
105.4 



102.4 
101.9 
101.0 
101.4 
101.5 
101.4 
101.0 
100.5 
101.8 
101.6 
101.6 
101.4 
101.5 
101.4 
101.4 
101.4 



102. 
102.0 
102.8 
103.5 
104.7 
105.4 
105.6 
103.9 ; 

103. 2 

103.5 I 
103.0 ' 

102. 2 ; 

102.0 
101.8 j 
101.5 
101.5 

101.6 I 



101.4 
101.8 
100.4 
100.2 
101.2 
100.8 
100.6 
100.7 
101. 8 
101.5 
101.6 
101.6 
101.4 
101.4 
101.2 
101.3 



Apr. 13. 

After 

injection. 



101.8 
101.6 
101.0 
101.0 
101.0 
101.0 
101.0 
101.2 
101. 8 
102.2 
102. 5 
102.2 
102.0 
102.0 
101.6 
101.8 
101.8 



Inj. tuberculin S. ! Inj. tuberculin S. I Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. 




Apr. 12. Apr. 13. 
Before I After 



injection, injection. 



102. 

101.6 101.6 

102. : 101. 6 

101.4 j 102.0 

101.2 102.4 

101.2 j 103.8 

101. I 104. 4 

101. 8 \ 103. 8 

101. 6 ! 103. 5 
102.6 : 104.4 
102.8 I 104.9 

102.6 104.3 
102.2 104.6 

102. ! 103. 6 
102.2 ! 103.8 

101.7 ' 103.4 
1C1.4 i 103.5 

Ini. tuberculin S. 



Apr. 12. 

Before 

injection, 



101.4 
101.4 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
101. 2 
100.8 
101.8 
101.6 
101.6 
101.7 
101.5 
102.0 
101.8 
101.8 
101.8 



Apr. 13. 

After 

injectiou. 

102.8 
101.8 
102.2 
102. 2 
103.4 
104.0 
104.8 
104. 2 
104.4 
104.6 
104.8 
104.8 
105.0 
101.6 
104. 5 
104.5 
104.2 



Inj. tuberculin S. 



May 1. I May 2. 

Before After 

injection.! injection. 



101.3 

101.4 

101.6 101.2 

101.8 ! 101.2 
101.4 101.2 

101.6 

101.1 101.4 

101.4 102.0 

101. 2 102. 

101.9 101.8 
103. 102. 5 

102.6 i 

101. 6 i 103. 5 

101.6 103.0 

101. 4 102. 8 

101. 102. 2 

100. 8 | 102. 

Inj. tuberculin S. 



72 



Temperature as taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



May 2. Mayl. May 2. 

After I Before , After 

injection, injection, injection. 



Mayl. Hay 2. Mayl- ! Mav2. 

Before After Before • After 

injection, injection, injection, injection. 



! 104.4 

105. 

100.7 104.8 
101.0 105.0 

101.0 : 105. 
106. 2 

101.1 105.0 
01.0 I 105.X 

101. 2 [ 104. 8 
101.6 I 104.0 

102. 4 ! 104. 
102. 

101.6 i 10)18 

101.4 103.2 

101.2 I 102. 

100.8 ! 102.4 
100.8 I 102.2 

Inj. tuberculin S. 




101.2 

101. 
2 102. 2 

99.1 102.1 

.5 | 102.2 
103. 
100.6 I 102. 
100. 8 103. 4 

101.3 103.5 

101.8 104.2 

102.2 105.0 

101.6 
101.6 104. 

101.2 104.6 

100.8 104.4 

100.8 103. 

100. 8 103. 5 

Inj. tuberculin S. 



103. 

99.3 104.0 

100. 103. ( 
100.0 103. 

104. 8 

101. 104. 

101.2 105.0 

101.6 j 104.6 

102. 2 ( 104. 6 

102. 2 j 104. 7 

102.4 

102.2 J 105.6 

102.2 105.2 

102.0 1 104.5 

101.8 104.3 

101. 2 I 104. 
Inj. tuberculin S. 



73 



Temperature as taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



May 1. 

Before 

injection 



m 



10 a.m. 

11 a.m. 

12 noon 
lp.m. 

2p.m. 
3p.m. 
4 p. m . 



op.™ 

7p.m 

8 p. in 

9 p. m 

30 p. in 

11 P- m 

12 midnight. 



102.6 
1(12. 

102.0 



102. 2 

102. 
102.4 

103. 7 
104.0 
103.4 
103.4 
103.5 
103.0 
102. 8 
102.6 



May 2. May 1. , May 2. ! May 25. i May 26. 
After Before j After ; Before | After 
ljection.i injection. I injection, injection.! injection. 



May 25. 
After 
injection, injection. 



104.3 
103.8 
102.2 
102. 2 
102. G 

102. 4 

103. 
103.0 | 
102.6 
102.6 | 
101.0 



104.2 
104.0 
103.7 
103. 4 
103. 2 



101.7 
101. 3 
101.4 

ioi. o 

101. G 
101.4 
102.4 

102. (i 
101. G 
101. G 
101.4 
101.4 
101. 4 
101.4 



102. 6 
102.8 

101. G 
101.8 
102.3 

103. 

102. G 
102.8 

102. G 
103.2 

103. 5 



104.3 . 
104. 2 I 
104. ! . 
103.6 
103.2 . 



102.4 

102.5 

102.0 

101.6 

102.4 

102.4 

102.0 

102.4 I 

101.8 j 



101.6 



102.9 
103. 
103.0 
102.8 
103.0 



101.5 | 

'ioi.YL 

"i02.8 j 



102. ! 
102. ( 
101. i 
101. ', 
101. f 
101. i 
101.! 
101.1 
101.1 



103.2 



Id j. tuberculin 



Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. 



8 a. m . 

9 a. in . 



10 a. m . 

1 1 a. in . 

12 noon 

1 p. in 

2 p. m 
3p.m 

4 p. m 

5 p. m 

6 p. m 

7 p. m 
8p. m . 
9p.m. 

10 p. m 

11 p. m 



May 25. i May 26. j May 25. [ May 26. 

Before j A iter \ Before After 

injection, injection.! injection. I injection. 





101.3 








101.2 








102. 







101. 5 
101.4 
100.8 
101.2 
101. 2 
101.4 
101.4 
101.7 
101. 9 



102. 5 
102. 8 
102.7 



102. 5 
102.2 
101.8 
101.7 
101.5 
101. 5 
101.3 
101.4 
101.4 



May 25. May 26. 

Before After 

injection, injection. 



May 25. , May 26. 
Before i After 
injection.] injection. 



102.0 
102.0 
102.0 
101.8 
101.5 



102.2 
102. 
102.2 
101.8 
101.8 
101.8 
101.8 
102.0 
102.0 



102.9 
102.6 
102. 2 
102.1 
102.2 



102.0 

io2.'o"j 
ii)2."i"i 

102.' 8 
i62."6J. 

'iois.T 



101. 4 
101. 4 
101.2 
100.8 
100.6 
100.8 
101.2 
101.5 
101.2 



102.2 
103.0 
102.8 
Calved. 



103.0 . 



12 midnight . 



Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. 



Inj. tuberculin S. i Inj. tuberculin S. 





860 


361 


362 


363 


Hour. 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 26. 

After 

injection. 


May 25. May 26. 

Before 1 After 

injection, (injection. 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 20. 

After 

injection. 


May 25. \ May 26. 

Be'foro j After 

injection, injection. 




101.8 
101.8 
101.5 
101.4 
101.4 
101.6 
101.3 
101.8 
101.6 


.'. j J02.5 

102.2 102.4 

101.7 

102.0 101.7 

i 101.5 

100.9 i 101. e 




102.2 
102. 4 
102.2 
102.0 
101.7 
102.0 
101.9 
102.2 
102.3 


101.8 




102.2 


101.0 








10a. m 


100.8 


100.8 


100. 8 1 101. 6 


12 noon 


101.0 


100.7 


100. 7 101. 5 
101.6 




101. 5 


•101.4 101.8 
., | 101.8 


100.9 






102.2 


4p.m 


101.2 


101.6 


101.4 


102. 
102.5 
102.2 
101.8 
101.8 




102.5 
103.0 
102.6 
102. 6 
102.4 


1 102.7 




102.2 


101.8 i 102.0 


102.0 






1 102.3 




102.1 


102.4 | 102.1 


■""'i02."4" 






102. 2 




101.9 


102.0 


102.3 








:::..::.:: 





12 midnight 


Inj. tube 


rculin S . 


Inj. tuberculin S. 


Inj. tube 


rculin S. 


Inj. tuberculin S. 



74 



Tenyperatvre an taken before and after the injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



May : 



May 25. May 26. May 25. ; May ^6. 
Before i After Before After 
injection, [injection, injection, injection, injection. 



May 26. May 25. May 26. 

After Before After 

injection, injection, injection. 




101.2 




101.6 
101.4 


102. 


101.4 


101.2 


101.4 
101.4 
101.6 


101.3 

ioi.3 






102.7 




103.0 


101.5 


L02.7 
102.6 


101.6 



101.4 
101. 5 
101.6 
101.2 
101.0 

100. 8 

101. 
101.2 
101.2 

102.5 

102.6 
102.4 
102.2 
101.8 



101.4 | 



104.0 
104.6 
104.4 
105.2 
105. 2 
105. 3 
104.7 
104.6 
104.3 



104. 6 
104.5 
104. 2 
104. 
104.0 



103.0 



Inj. tuberculin S. Inj. tuberculin S. i Inj. tuberculin S. 





319 


320 


321 


322 


Hour. 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 26. 

After 

injection. 


May 25. Mas 26. 

Before After 

injection, injection. 


May 25. May 26. 

Before After 

injection, injection. 


May 25. May 26. 

Before After 

injection, injection. 






102.4 
102.5 
101.4 

101.5 
101.6 
101.8 
102.0 
102.2 
101.8 








101. 6 
101.6 
101.5 
101.4 

102. 
101.9 
101.8 
102. 
101.9 




101.4 
101.5 


8 a. in 


102.7 


101.7 
101. 5* 

"l01.2 


101.5 
101.2 
101.4 
101.2 
101.5 
101.6 
101.6 
101.6 


101.2 


101.5 




102.0 


101.6 


101.3 100.5 








101.4 


101.6 


100. 9 
"'ioi.2' 

"ioi.T 






102.0 


2]>. in 

3p. ni 

4p.i» 


101.6 

""ioi'o' 


101.4 


101.5 


101.9 

101.8 


101.4 






102.6 
102. 9 
102. 8 
102.7 
102.6 


103. 4 
103.0 
102. 6 
102.6 
102.5 




102. G 
102.7 
102. 6 
102. 5 
102.2 






103. 6 

" "103.5 


102. 


102.0 


102.2 


102.4 


7p. in 

8p. in ... 




102.6 
102. 5 
102.2 


101.8 


101.5 


102.0 


10 p. in 


103. 


101.8 


101. 2 


101.6 










12 midnight 


Inj. tube 


rculin S. 


Inj. tuberculin S. 


Inj. tuberculin S. 


Inj. tuberculin S. 




or. 




334 


330 


339 


Hr 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 26. 

After 

injection. 

101. 8 
101.8 
101.0 
101.2 
101.4 
101.8 
101,6 
102.0 

102. 1 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 26. 

After 
injection. 


May 25. 

Before 

injection. 


May 26. 

After 

injection. 


7an 








102.6 
102. 6 
102.2 
102.4 

102. 8 
103.2 
103.0 

103. 6 
103.6 




102.0 
102.0 
101.4 
101.0 
101.2 




100.0 


102. 6 


101.4 






100. 9 


102.0 


101.3 




12 noon 


100.3 


101.2 


100. 5 


101.0 
101.8 


2 p. in 

3 ]>. m 

4 p. ni 


•""ioi.'a 
ioi.'e" 


101.5 


101.6 


101.8 
102.4 


102. 


102.0 




102. 7 
102.4 
102.0 
101.8 
101.5 


103.6 
103.6 
103.6 
103.8 
103.6 


102.6 


6 p. ni 


102.2 


102.9 


103.0 


102. 6 
102. 5 


8 p. ni 


101. 5 


102. 8 


102.2 


102.5 
102.2 


10 p. m 


101.8 


102.6 


102. 2 












12 midnight 


Inj. tuberculin S. 




Inj. tuberculin S. 


Inj. tube 


rculin S. 



FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENCE OF TUBERCLE 
BACILLI IN THE MILK OF COWS. 



By E. C. Schroeder, M. D. V. 



The following experiments to demonstrate the presence of tubercle 
bacilli in milk are a continuation of the observations published on page 
60 of Bulletin No. 3, 1893, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 

In the former work the principal question to be solved was the rela- 
tion which exists between the condition of a tuberculous animal and 
the degree of milk infection. The same question was kept in view in 
the present work, but in addition to it some information was sought 
concerning the probable extent to which tubercle bacilli occur in the 
general city milk supply. Hence the following experiments divide 
themselves into two series : The first deals with city milk in the condi- 
tion in which it reaches the consumer, and the second, with milk from 
cows without visible disease of the udder in which tuberculosis was 
diagnosed, either through a physical examination, or through the use 
of tuberculin injections. 

The milk was injected into the abdominal cavity of guinea pigs 
partly in the form in which it was obtained from the dealer or the cow 
and partly after it had undergone a centrifugal process. The latter 
consisted iu pouring a quantity ot milk into glass tubes and rotating it 
in them fifteen minutes by means of a small hand centrifugal machine, 
which was made to revolve 1,500 times per minute. The fluid in the 
bottom of the tubes, together with the sediment, if there was any, was 
retained for injection and the balance of the milk discarded. The 
object of the centrifugal process was to concentrate, iu the smallest 
amount of fluid, any tubercle bacilli present. It has been shown experi- 
mentally that the conduct of different bacteria varies iu fluids subjected 
to centrifugal motion. Some bacteria rise to the surface, while others, 
and among them the tubercle bacilli, gravitate to the bottom.* 

Cover-glass preparations were stained and examined for tubercle 
bacilli from every specimen of milk, excepting that from cow No. 283, 
but were found in no instance. Multinuclear leucocytes in greater or 
smaller numbers were present in the cover glasses from all specimens 
of milk excepting those marked dairy H and L. Among the numerous 



Scheurlen, Arbeiten a. d. Kaiserl. Gesuudheitsaiute, vn (1891), p. 269. 

75 



76 



bacteria present a .large coccus and a large thick bacillus predominated. 
Occasionally streptococci were seen in small numbers. 

Nothing was known of the condition of the milk from the dairies and 
dealers at the time it was procured for examination, and consequently 
some precautions were believed necessary to avoid diseases of the guinea 
pigs from the accidental presence of miscellaneous septic or toxic bac- 
teria. For this reason the milk injected into the first six guinea-pigs, 
which are given separately in Table I, was previously exposed to an 
elevated temperature, 60° C, for fifteen minutes. This procedure, it was 
thought would destroy the other germs, if such were present, or reduce 
their virulence sufficiently to make them harmless, without seriously 
affecting the tubercle bacilli. As a control in the heating process a 
suspension of tubercle bacilli was made in the manner described below 
and injected into the abdominal cavity of a guinea pig. 

A small amount of the surface growth on an glycerin-agar culture 
of tubercle bacilli Mas scraped off and thoroughly triturated with 10 cc. 
of beef infusion. When the beef infusion had assumed a homogeneous 
cloudiness, and no clumps or solid particles visible to the naked eye 
remained, 0.5 cc. was removed with a sterile pipette and added to 5 cc. 
of milk, which was then exposed to a temperature of 00° C. for fifteen 
minutes. 

The guinea pig which received this injection was chloroformed after 
eighty-five days and on post-mortem examination no lesions were 
found. Even before the guinea pig was killed the inference from its 
uninterrupted good condition was that the few tubercle bacilli whicli 
might be present in a specimen of mixed milk could not undergo the 
heating process without sacrificing their vitality. This view was 
further supported by the death of two guinea pigs in twenty-five and 
twenty-eight days, respectively, which were injected, shortly after the 
first guinea pig was injected, with similar suspensions of tubercle 
bacillus which had not been previously exposed to an elevated temper- 
ature. Hence after the first six injections, which are given in the 
following table, the heating process was discontinued:* 

Table I. 



No. of 

guinea 

Pig- 



Date of 
injection. 



444$ 
445? 
447 9 
448? 

455 cT 

456 rf 



June 28, 1803 
....do 

June 30, 1893 

....do 

July 8,1893 

do - 



f>T,trifn ' height Of 
n ! Quantity ;,„,-", guinea pig 

lrom tion made. 



Sept.:;:!. 
...do .. 
...do .. 

....do .. 

Oct. 17. 
...do .. 



40 
40 

40 I 
MO 



3S.t--1— ■ 



Dairy 1 . . 

.do 

Dairy.'.. 

..do 

Dairy 3 . . 
..do' 



Negative, 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



a The 40 cc. here represent the lower : 
twenty-four hours. 



brata in a bottle containing loo re. winch had stood on ice 



*This rapid destruction of tubercle bacilli from a culture on glycerin agar 
(fifteen minutes at 60° C.) does not harmonize with the results of others. De Man 
(Archiv. f. Hygiene, xvni.. p. 123) finds that at 60 c ( '.. onehour is necessary to destroy 
tubercle bacilli in milk. — T. S. 



77 

The next table gives the results of 40 injections, which represent 
19 specimens of milk. The milk, excepting that marked dairy Q, was 
delivered to private residences or bought in different sections of Wash- 
ington, D. C, and nothing is known about the cows by which it was 
produced. Dairy milk Q was obtained from a herd of cattle in Vir- 
ginia, numbering twelve milch cows, eight of which gave high tempera- 
ture reactions after injection with tuberculin. In two of the eight cows 
tuberculosis could be readily diagnosed on physical examination. The 
milk from the twelve cows was drawn in the usual manner at the evening- 
milking, poured into a large can, and allowed to stand about one-half 
hour. The can was then thoroughly agitated three to five minutes and 
a specimen of milk dipped out of the top and taken in a sterile bottle 
to the laboratory, where it was used for injections the following morn- 
ing. 

The use of the names " dairy " and •• dealer"' in specifying the source 
of the different samples of milk represented in the table is to distin- 
guish a dairy or regularly established milk business from dealers with 
whom the sale of milk forms only a small fraction of their trade. 

The following table records the injection of mixed milk obtained from 
the general milk supply of Washington, D. C. The injections were 
made into the peritoneal cavity, and the amount injected in each case 
was 5 cc: 



8l + 



78 



MM I I I II I 



I! 



1 i 



=5 a -a 

z I * 

g £ s S? -E S £ 3 J .. 

jj i >. 5 5 ■ S g* r- ~ = 

? - pjcSSqc~.2 



sag, 

III 



?'- 



^ - V ft ? * ^ w 

COi5~ZQGQ 



3 si. 



l"J«OOCt-H> 



■- 1 a 

a ,4 



5 



'.•c fva pa wa pva 



-r few _:^^ flfli 



. . s> o 

: :^ : : : : :^ 



S'SSaaJJ «2 1 "2 '-^ ': 'X'Ciocotc st>»K-*i-.ci.ic?.:-pin«nj 
•n >n .n to to '-; ®o to --: to to ct-i- 1- i~ 1- 1- 1- -/. cr_ v. x x x x r. r. - o> - o = 



79 



o 2 



as -§ 

lis I § 

g.© g •£ s 



4^ p S 



'3 '3 
P P 



; ^> ^ -C ^ ^ 



80 

Guinea pig No. 462 died of general peritonitis two days after the injection. 

Guinea pig No. 467 died of general peritonitis eighteen days after the injection. 
An abscess about one-half inch in diameter had formed at the seat of injection on 
the inner surface of the abdominal wall ; this had ruptured and discharged its con- 
tents into the abdominal cavity. Cover glasses from the fluid in the abdominal 
cavity showed the presence of cocci in considerable numbers. 

Guinea pig No. 75 died of tuberculosis sixty-three days after the injection. There 
were tubercles on omentum, a large tuberculous spleen, and large yellow necrotic 
patches in liver. Glands behind stomach and spleen very large and necrotic. 
Sternal and bronchial glands quite large, firm, necrotic. Lungs flesh red; much 
serum in pleural cavities. Scattering subpleural tubercles on lungs. " Cover glasses 
from various regions showed an abundance of tubercle bacilli. 

Guinea pig No. 93 was affected with a disease the nature of which was not 
recognized. The autopsy notes are as follows : 

Liver, pale in color and sprinkled with small, irregular, grayish or yellowish- 
white foci. Spleen enlarged to five times its normal dimensions and containing foci 
similar to those in the liver. The kidneys appear as two large, white tumors; on 
section they are seen to be more or less completely degenerated. t No tubercle 
bacilli or other germs detected in cover-glass preparations. 

We see thus that among the 19 specimens of milk obtained from the 
general city milk supply, one contained the bacillus of tuberculosis in 
sufficient numbers to produce the disease in one of the Uyo guinea pigs 
injected with it. Why one guinea pig should have remained unaffected 
is an unsolved question. The guinea pig which died of tuberculosis 
was injected with the milk in the form in which it came from the dairy, 
while the guinea pig which escaped the infection was injected with a 
specimen of the same milk which had previously been subjected to the 
centrifugal process. In this connection it must be remembered that 
the amount of milk which can be injected into the abdominal cavity of 
a guinea pig with any degree of safety is very small. 

We may summarize the results recorded in Table II by the statement 
that now and then the mixed milk of dairies may contain compara- 
tively large numbers of tubercle bacilli. In the foregoing series one 
out of 10 samples from different dealers or dairies contained tubercle 
bacilli. 

Table III gives the results obtained by the injection of milk from 
cows in which tuberculosis was diagnosed either with or without the 
aid of tuberculin. 

The milk was collected in sterile bottles, and, with the exception of 
samples from cow No. 283, represents a mixture of the product from all 

* A careful examination of the lesions in this animal showed that the infection 
started from the abdomen and was due to the milk injected. The guinea pigs used 
in this laboratory are bred on the experiment station. Spontaneous tuberculosis 
has never been found in any case. — T. S. 

t The disease in this guinea pig might be mistaken for tuberculosis. It differs 
from the latter, however, in the restricted, irregular size of the minute foci and the 
disease of the kidneys, which are almost invariably normal in tuberculous 
guiuea pigs. The microscopic examination of the kidneys showed an extensive 
interstitial nephritis. The foci in the liver are situated in the interlobular tissue, 
and consist of infiltrations of round cells. — T. S. 



81 

four quarters of the udder. The milk from each quarter of the udder 
of cow No. 283 was drawn into a separate sterile bottle. Guinea pig 
No. 33 was iojected with the milk from the right forward quarter, No. 
34 from the left forward quarter. No. 35 from the right hind quarter, 
and No. 36 from the left hind quarter. 
2891— No. 7 6 



82 






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83 

Guinea pig No. 35 was found tuberculous when killed. The dorsal third of the 
spleen was infiltrated with tubercles, probably by contiguity from the lymph 
glands associated with it, which are much enlarged and necrotic. The left testicle 
is converted into a thin walled sac filled with a thick, yellowish pus, resembling 
flour paste in consistency. Tubercle bacilli present in cover glasses. A guinea pig- 
inoculated with a particle of spleen pulp became tuberculous. 

On post-mortem examination cow No. 283 was found to be extensively tuberculous, 
but the udder and pubic lymph glands were found free from tubercular lesions after 
a very careful naked-eye examination. 

The second series of inoculations thus include the milk from 12 
tuberculous cows, from three of which injections were made at two differ- 
ent times sixty days apart. The milk from only one cow, an animal 
practically in the last stages of more or less generalized tuberculosis, 
produced the affection in one of the four guinea pigs injected with it. 

In addition to these experiments, a third series was tried by injecting 
repeatedly into a number of guinea pigs the milk of the same animal. 
It was assumed that by increasing in this way the quantity of milk 
injected into the same guinea pig from the same cow more positive 
results might be obtained. The milk was injected directly into tlie 
abdominal cavity in every case. When centrifugalized, the quantity 
injected was derived from 40 cc. (1£ ounces). 

MILK FROM COW Xo. 286. 

This cow is in the last stages of tuberculosis, but has no visible affection of the 
udder.* See No. 286, Table v, p. 144. 

Guinea pig No. 146$. 

March 16. Weight of guinea pig, t3 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 19. Weight of guinea pig, 13^ ouncess injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 14 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 14f ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 11^ ounces; no injection. 

Up to the time of the last injection, on April 4, the guinea pig remained in good 
condition, and had been gradually gaining in weight. On April 18 it was found in 
a dying condition, and was killed and examined. Extremely emaciated. At the 
seat of one injection a small abscess, containing pale yellow pus, Similar abscesses, 
not less than a dozen, varying in size from a mustard seed to a pea, in the abdominal 
cavity. Adhesion of the liver to the abdominal Avail and the stomach. Cover 
show the presence of a coccus in considerable number, t 



* For the extent of the disease and its distribution in this animal, see No. 283, 
Table v, p. 144. — T. S. 

tThe lesions in this and other guinea pigs which were inoculated with milk from 
cow No. 286 were evidently due to Staphylococci in the udder. The lesions included 
peritonitis, suppurative pericarditis, and multiple abscesses in the internal organs of 
those guinea-pigs which died prematurely, and firm adhesions of liver, stomach, and 
intestines to neighboring structures in those that recovered. Staphylococci were 
isolated from the milk directly and from one of the guinea pigs. This subject will 
receive more attention. — T. S. 



84 

Guinea pig No. 147 9 . 

March 16. Weight of guinea pig, 11 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 19. Weight of guinea pig, 11 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 11 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 26. Dead. 

Marked injection of the veins of subcutis over the abdomen. Whitish discolora- 
tion of abdominal muscles at the seat of injection. Extensive viscid exudate in the 
abdomen. Pseudo-membranous deposit on spleen and liver, with whitish clumps 
intermixed. Hyperemia of lungs with viscid, translucent pleural exudate. 

No bacteria in cover glasses from abdominal exudate. 

Guinea pig No. 154 $ . 

March 21. Weight of guinea pig, 114, ounces; injected 5 cc centrifuge milk. 
March 21. Weight of guinea pig, 11 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 11 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 9+ ounces; no injection. 
April 23. Weight of guinea pig, 104 ounces; no injection. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 19 ounces. 

Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. Firm adhesion of liver to diaphragm 
and stomach. 

Guinea pig No. 155 9 . 

March 21. Weight of guinea pig, 144 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 134 ounces; injected r> cc. untreated milk. 

April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 15 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 15 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

May 1. Died this morning. 

The abdominal cavity is filled with a turbid reddish fluid. In the liver is a large 
abscess which is filled with a dirty yellowish red fluid. What is left of the liver 
tissue is soft and mushy in character, dark red in color, and sprinkled with minute 
necrotic areas. The intestine is adherent to tlje abdominal wall and the stomach 
to the abdominal wall and liver. The entire thoracic cavity is tilled with a turbid 
reddish fluid, which coagulates slowly and forms a soft gelatinous clot. Lungs in a 
state of extreme congestion and very cedematous. Heart with the pericardium 
adherent. Between the heart and the pericardium, one small abscess. One small 
abscess between the skin ami the abdominal wall. 

The condition of the cow had been growing rapidly worse and had reached a stage 
at the time these injections were undertaken which would have led the average 
dairyman to exclude her from his herd. 

Guinea pig No. 187 $ . 

May 5. Weight of guinea pig, 184 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. . 
May 19. Weight of guinea pig 174 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May 24. Weight of guinea pig, 174 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 164 ounces. 

Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. Adhesion of liver to stomach, and 
intestine to abdominal wall. 

Guinea pig No. 188 $ . 

May 14. Weight of guinea pig, 244 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May 19. Weight of guinea pig, 254 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May 24. Weight of guinea pig, 254 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 28 ounces. 
Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. No lesions. 



85 

Guinea pig No. 189$. 

May 19. Weight of guinea pig, 12| ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May 24. Weight of guinea pig, 12^ ounces; no injection. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 19 ounces. 
Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. No lesions. 

MILK FROM COW NO. 285. 

This cow gave a marked tuberculin reaction, but is in fairly good condition and 
has no visible affection of the udder. 

Guinea pig No. 148$ . 

March 16. Weight of guinea pig, 13| ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 
March 19. Weight of guinea pig, 14 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 
March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 14 ounces ; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 14| ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 14 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 16. Weight of guinea pig, 15 ounces ; no injection. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 23 ounces. 

Chloroformed and examined. Adhesion of the intestine in two places to the 
abdominal wall. 

Guinea pig No. 149 9 • 

March 16. Weight of guinea pig, 13| ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 
March 19. Weight of guinea pig, 13 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 
March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 13f ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 14 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 13^ ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 23. Weight of guinea pig, 14| ounces; no injection. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig. 22 ounces. 

Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. Adhesion of stomach and intestine to 
liver. 

Guinea pig No. 156 9 . 

March 21. Weight of guinea pig, 141 ounces; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 

March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 14£ ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 15 ounces.; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 15^ ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 

April 13. Found dead. 

On post-mortem examination a number of whitish clumps (probably casein) were 
found in the abdominal cavity between the coils of intestine and sprinkled over 
the liver, spleen, etc. A considerable amount of pale red, partly translucent, fluid 
in the abdominal cavity. General discoloration of the abdominal wall and serous 
sivrface of the intestine. 

Guinea pig No. 157 9 • 

March 21. Weight of guinea pig, 10-J- ounces ; injected 5 cc. centrifuge milk. 
March 24. Weight of guinea pig, 9f ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 4. Weight of guinea pig, 10 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 12. Weight of guinea pig, 91 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 18. Found dead this morning. 

Autopsy revealed the same condition as in guinea pig No. 146. There was. in addi- 
tion, a collapsed and (edematous condition of the lungs and a purulent pericarditis- 



S6 

MILK FROM COW KO 290. 

This cow is supposed to be in au advanced stage of tuberculosis. She. has given a 
reaction upon injection with tuberculin several times, but has no visible udder 
affection. 

Guinea pig No. 183 $ . 

April 18. Weight of guinea pig, 13 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 23. Weight of guinea pig 14i ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 28. Weight of guinea pig, 15 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May . r >. AVeight of guinea pig, 16 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig. 23 ounces. 

Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. Slight adhesion of intestine to abdomi- 
nal wall. 

Guinea pig No. 184 $ . 

April 18. Weight of guinea pig, 11£ ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 28. Weight of guinea pig, 13 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May ."). Weight of guinea pig, 14^ ounces; injected 5 cc. uutreated milk. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 15 ounces. 
Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. No lesions. 

Guinea i>i<j No. 185 9 • 

April 23. Weight of guinea pig, 1(H ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 12 ounces. 
Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. No lesions. 

MILK FROM COW No. 291. 

This cow showed the presence of more or less t uberculosis on post-mortem exami- 
nation, but had no visible affection of the udder." 

Guinea pig No. 186 & . 

April 23. Weight of guinea pig, 13 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 28. Weight of guinea pig, 13 ounces; no injection. 
July 13. Weight of guiuea pig, 15 ounces. 
Chloroformed and examined post-mortem. No lesions. 

Guinea pig No. 158 9 . 

April 18. Weight of guinea pig, 12 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 23. Weight of guiuea pig, 12A ouuces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
April 28. Weight of guinea pig, 13 ounces; injected 5 cc. untreated milk. 
May 5. Weight of guinea pig, 14 ounces; no injection. 
July 13. Weight of guinea pig, 17 ounces. 
Chloroformed. Examination negative. 

Tuberculosis was not found in any guinea pig- in this last series of 
injections, notwithstanding the fact that the 4 cows furnishing the 
milk gave a high tuberculin reaction and are to all appearances in an 
advanced stage of the disease. Nos. 286 and 291 have been killed and 
found tuberculous {see Table v, p. 144). 

The inference which may be drawn is the same suggested in Bulletiu 
No. 3. It is that a careful inspection of all dairy herds which has for 



" See No. 291, Table v, p. 114.— T. S. 



87 

its object the detection and removal of all advanced cases of tubercu- 
losis, and especially of cows with diseased udders, would probably 
exclude the sale of most infected milk. 

In this connection it may be worth while to mention that in a recent 
inspection of over 800 cows which belong to different dairy herds of a 
large city it was found that between 5 and 6 per cent of the animals 
had defective udders. In the majority of cases it was evident that the 
udder trouble was due to present or past affections other than tuber- 
culosis, but in the remaining cases this could not be determined during 
life. 

These experimental observations further show that now and then the 
presumably mixed milk of dairies may contain enough tubercle bacilli 
to prove fatal to guinea pigs in two months. 



STUDIES IN BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO 
PREVENTION. 



By Theobald Smith. 



[Plates i-vi.] 

Tuberculosis among domesticated animals, more particularly among 
cattle, has during the past few years received a large share of attention 
mainly because of the possible direct influence on human health. With 
this idea in the foreground the bearing of this malady on agricultural 
interests has been more or less obscured. As a result we have a great 
mass of publications on the hygienic aspect of tuberculosis and but 
very little on the prevention of this disease among cattle. Many of the 
more valuable contributions to our knowledge have been made in order 
to define more definitely what degree of tuberculosis makes an animal 
unfit for human food. This point of view, while bringing out now and 
then valuable facts, does not pay sufficient attention to the animal dur- 
ing life. What to do in order to reduce the high percentage of infec- 
tion among living animals has been tacitly ignored in all but a few 
recent publications. It became evident to the writer on beginning 
these studies that this was, after all, the most important aspect of the 
serious problem of bovine tuberculosis. If the disease can be restricted 
and repressed among cattle during life the hygienic problem will take 
care of itself. 

To attack tuberculosis as it exists at present is undoubtedly a most 
difficult problem and the conditions which tend to repress or to aug- 
ment its further dissemination are very complex. No single measure, 
however sweeping, is likely to be successful. A number of details 
will have to receive careful attention and, in the end, the success will 
depend largely upon the amount of intelligent watchfulness constantly 
exercised in various directions by the stock owner. The wide dissemi- 
nation and the localized intensity of this disease will require, above all, 
concerted action in attempts for its repression. Though a strictly bac- 
terial disease and introduced into the body only by the tubercle bacil- 
lus, which is always derived from some preexisting case of disease, 
tuberculosis differs, nevertheless, from most animal diseases in very 
important particulars. Its unknown beginnings in the body and its 
slow insidious march after it has once gained a foothold are responsi- 



89 

ble for the existence of a large number of tuberculous animals in 
all stages of the disease. In the earlier stages, while the disease is 
still restricted to a single focus, the animal is to all outward appear- 
ances in perfect health. It is only after the infection has invaded 
several cavities of the body or produced mechanical obstructions that 
it becomes manifest. The prolonged latency of the first stage of the 
disease with little or no discharge of tubercle bacilli raises the question 
what should be done with such cases. A comparison with some other 
infectious diseases makes the predicament all the clearer. 

When an animal becomes infected with anthrax or with Texas fever 
the specific microorganisms begin to multiply at once. Within twenty- 
four hours in the case of anthrax, a few days to a week in Texas fever, 
the symptoms are fully developed and death or recovery speedily fol- 
lows. There can be no question here concerning degree of disease or 
utility of the animal during the earlier stages. The infected and the non- 
infected are divided by sharp unmistakable barriers. In tuberculosis, 
on the other hand, the infected animal is practically well during the 
earliest stages of disease, and the disease may become stationary, pos- 
sibly healed. This peculiarity in the nature of tuberculosis modifies 
to a certain extent the usual measures employed to repress an infec- 
tious disease. In certain diseases the necessity for the destruction of 
all infected animals becomes imperative, because the disease must be 
kept restricted and suppressed as soon as possible. The present wide 
dissemination of this disease and its prevalence among other domesti- 
cated animals, such as dogs, cats, horses, goats, and, above all, its 
prevalence among man, makes the complete extinction of this malady 
an unrealizable problem. 

It is largely due to these peculiarities that tuberculosis has received 
so little attention until recent years. Its unrecognizable beginnings 
and slow insidious march in the body made it appear oh the surface as 
a disease not of infectious origin, but as one in which inheritance 
played an important part. After the discovery of the true cause in the 
form of a bacterium (Bacillus tuberculosis) by Koch the conception that 
infection played the most important role has gradually gained a firm 
foothold. Without in any way wishing to eliminate the factor of hered- 
ity, the writer has based the statements in the following pages entirely 
on the principle now universally recognized, that without the presence 
of the tubercle bacillus there can be no tuberculosis. If it can be 
shown that the tubercle bacillus can be kept away from cattle by 
adopting certain precautionary measures the discussion concerning 
heredity would be useless. If, however, this should prove to be impos- 
sible the problems of breed, heredity, and environment, or, in other 
words, the accessory causes, will require renewed study. 

In the following chapters matters of technical importance are intro- 
duced in order to form a basis upon which to found the practical sug- 
gestions given at the close. These suggestions must be considered as 



90 

subject to change as investigations progress. The prevailing ignorance 
upon certain important aspects of tbe subject makes the publication of 
even fragmentary researches justifiable at the present time. 



PKIMAKY DISEASE 01 THE LOGS AND PULMONAKY GLANDS 
(AIR INFECTION). 

According to published statements of most authorities and our own 
observations tuberculosis of -the lungs is the most frequent of all the 
primary forms of this disease in cattle. The absence of disease else- 
where in the body, or the character of the pulmonary disease itself 
when associated with tuberculosis of other organs, leads directly to the 
inference that the bacilli must have entered the lungs in the inspired 
air. Infection through the air is, therefore, the most serious problem 
to be dealt with. It takes place when the tubercle bacilli have become 
thoroughly dried, so that they ean be carried like particles of dust in 
currents of air and drawn into the lung tissue through the air passages. 

In discussing tuberculosis of the lungs we have two forms to deal 
with: (1) Disease of the lung tissue proper with disease of the corre- 
sponding lymph glands, and (2) disease of the lymph glands of the 
lungs without any traceable lung disease associated with them. Tuber- 
culosis of the lung tissue is in perhaps 99 per cent of the cases associ- 
ated with tuberculosis of the corresponding lymph glands, while disease 
of the latter without visible lung affection is quite common in the early 
stages of the disease. 

TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS. 
(Plates i. ii. in, and iv.) 

The earliest disease in the lung tissue is quite regularly located in 
the large caudal lobes. Tbe other lobes are occasionally found diseased, 
but there seems to be no place of predilection excepting tbe lobes 
mentioned.* Thus, in the herd described in the first article there were 
19 cases of lung tuberculosis. Of these — 

The large caudal lobes were affected in 16 

They were affected exclusively in 1 1 

Both caudal lobes affected in ii 

Left caudal lobe alone in 5 

Right caudal lobe alone in 5 

Bight cepbalic lobe affected in 6 

Right cephalic lobe affected exclusively in 3 

Left ventral (with other lobes) in 1 

Right ventral (with other lobes) in „ I 

Left cephalic (with otber lobes) in 1 

* For the nomenclature of the lobes of the bovine longs as used in these pages, 
see PI. land n. 



91 

In another herd comprising 9 cases of lung disease only 2 had other 
lobes, in addition to the large caudal lobes, affected. In a third herd, 
in which pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 6 animals, all had foci 
in one or both caudal lobes and only 2 of these had other lobes affected. 
In most cases both caudal lobes are involved. In those in which but 
one is diseased the left seems to be more frequently attacked. 

This predilection for the larger lobes seems to be due to mechanical 
conditions. The two main bronchi which supply these lobes branch off 
from the trachea at an acute angle {see PI. in). The course of the 
current of air passing along the trachea into the terminal bronchi is 
nearly straight. But, what is of more importance, the caudal lobes are 
more expansible than the smaller anterior lobes. This is evident from 
the construction of the thorax, as well as from an inspection of the 
lungs themselves. The pleura is denser, often wrinkled, over these 
lobes when collapsed, a condition which indicates marked stretching 
during the expanded state of the lobe. More air passes into the lobes, 
and the current may be of greater velocity than that entering the 
smaller lateral branches. Tubercle bacilli suspended in the entering 
current are thus carried directly into the main bronchi and deposited 
in them or their ramifications within the caudal lobes. There they set 
up disease somewhere near the main bronchus. In fact, the larger 
number of primary foci are found in that portion of the lung tissue above 
or dorsad of the main bronchus, i. e., in the portion of the lung tissue 
which rests under the ribs at their vertebral attachment, This portion 
is shown as a shaded area in Plate I. The foci are rarely directly con- 
tiguous with the main bronchus or its large branches, and in case of 
many the writer was unable to trace any air tube into or near them. 

The caudal lobes, as the chief primary seat of pulmonary tuberculo- 
sis, are not more susceptible than other lobes. Their infection is solely 
due to the fact that tubercle bacilli are deposited in them rather than 
in other lobes. Immunity of any region of the lungs is not deducible 
from the writer's observations. As the disease advances it seems to 
become equally destructive in all lobes attacked as soon as bacilli have 
found their way into them. If, in fact, the writer should predicate 
greater susceptibility of any region of the bovine lung, it would be the 
ventral and cephalic lobes, especially the former. For, basing our- 
selves on the condition of lungs far advanced in tuberculosis, it would 
seem thatthese smaller, less expansible lobes are more severely involved, 
when once attacked, than the caudal lobes. This condition would be 
analogous to that prevailing in human lungs. 

Pulmonary tuberculosis differs from the sporadic forms of broncho- 
pneumonia in that the lesions of the latter, like the pneumonias of 
swine, are governed in their distribution by gravity. The ventral 
lobes, so rarely the seat of earliest lesions in tuberculosis, are affected 
first in broncho-pneumonia. Thence the disease spreads upward, over- 
flowing into the cephalic lobes and the contiguous portions of the 



92 

caudal lobes. Another characteristic of bronchopneumonia not found 
in tuberculosis is the symmetrical affection of both lungs. This is also 
a result of the gravitation of infectious matter. The difference is due 
to the mode of infection. The bacteria Of swine plague and bovine 
pneumonia are speedily killed by drying, and hence dead when in a 
condition to be carried in the air. They are not inhaled in the living 
state, but are carried into the lungs in fluids and catarrhal secretions, 
and thus come under the influence of gravity in their distribution, as 
suggested. A comparison of these pneumonias thus indirectly sup- 
ports the view that tubercle bacilli are inhaled. 

After the development of a primary focus of disease, other foci may 
appear as a result of repeated infection from without. It is not an 
uncommon thing to observe a number of disease centers, evidently inde- 
pendent of one another, in the same lung or even the same lobe. These 
foci enlarge and invade neighboring tissue. Having reached a certain 
age, the necrotic tissue becomes softened and discharges into a bronchus. 
Thence the discharged masses, with the contained virus, may be carried 
along the air tubes into other regions of the lungs, or, perhaps into the 
throat, where it may be swallowed or. thrown outward. This upward 
discharge of tubercle bacilli is indicated by the formation of tubercles 
on the mucous membrane of the air tubes. Primary disease in this 
situation has not been observed in any case examined. 

The settling down and multiplication of tubercle bacilli in the lung 
tissue seems to be quite independent of any preexisting disease of the 
lungs. In about loO cases examined only a very few showed pneumonic 
lesions or bronchial affections, and in these few cases these changes were 
either due to the gravity of the tuberculosis or else to traumatism. 
Catarrh of the bronchial tubes was rarely observed, and then only locally, 
in connection with a tuberculous focus which was discharging its contents 
and causing irritation of the bronchial mucous membrane. On the 
other hand, the grafting of tuberculosis upon other lung affections, such 
as broncho-pneumonia, is equally rare. There are, it seems, no preex- 
isting pneumonic or bronchial affections which can be regarded as form- 
ing the entering wedge for tubercle bacilli. These seem to find in the 
healthy lungs a favorable soil at all times. Any special predisposition, 
if such really exist, must be sought for in other conditions than those 
of visible lesions. 

TUBERCULOSIS OF THE THORACIC' OLANDS. 

There are many cases of tuberculosis which are due to infection 
through the inspired air, but which do not lead to any primary disease 
of the lungs. This begins in the bronchial and the mediastinal lymph 
glands, into which the lymph from the lung tissue passes. That 
there may have been in such cases very insignificant disease of the 
lung tissue itself is conceded, but it certainly eludes a very careful 



93 

search with the naked eye. In every ease which came under the 
writer's notice, the lungs were thoroughly inspected and manipulated 
with the Lands, then the air tubes slit open and the manipulation and 
inspection repeated. The primary affection of the lymph glands is in 
some cases made more evident by the advanced stage of the tubercu- 
lous process in the latter,*with no accompanying disease of the lungs 
themselves. 

Before giving any illustrations of this form of primary tuberculosis, 
a brief description of the system of thoracic glands attacked will not 
be out of' place here, especially as they are not fully or even accurately 
described in the somewhat meager anatomical literature of this subject. 
While, for example, some writers on tuberculosis tacitly assume tl- at the 
posterior mediastinal glands belong to the lungs, writers on anatomy 
consider them independent of the lungs, and only refer to the bronchial 
glands as strictly lung glands. The writer regards the posterior medi- 
astinal glands as strictly pulmonary glands. This would be deducible 
from their relation to tuberculosis of the bronchial glands and of the 
lungs themselves. But there is a more cogent reason than this. A 
careful comparative examination of the bronchial and the posterior 
mediastinal glands will show that the pigmentation so characteristic of 
the bronchial glands with advancing age is identical in quality and 
quantity in the two sets of glands. In old cows the posterior medias- 
tinals are as densely pigmented as the bronchials. Moreover, the gen- 
eral appearance of the glands of the two sets is the same, and not to be 
confounded with glands from other regions of the body.* 

The bronchial glands (PI. in) are situated on the trachea at or near 
the root of the bronchi of the different lobes. They might with equal 
reason be denominated tracheal glands. Of these three are regularly 
present. 

The largest gland, the one most frequently involved in tuberculosis, 
and hence of most importance to us, is situated against the trachea in 
the angle formed by the left main bronchus with it (PI. in, A). It is 
from 1 to 1.5 inches in diameter and of an irregular outline. It is firmly 
attached to these tubes and rests on the left pulmonary artery. The 
aorta arches over and conceals it. 

The next largest bronchial gland is situated at the root of the right 
supernumerary bronchus on its ventral aspect and is firmly attached 
to the air tube (PL in, 0). 

The third quite small gland (right tracheal) is situated against the 
right side of the trachea near the bifurcation (PL in, B). It is rarely 
more than one-half inch in diameter. It is found i n the incision between 
the right ventral and the right caudal lobe, entirely concealed by sur- 



* Each, lymph glaud or group of associated glands in the bovine body has a gen- 
eral facies of its oAvn, and a little well-directed observation will soon enable the 
pathologist to tell the region whence came the gland, as the anatomist recognizes 
bones and pieces of bones from a skeleton familiar to him. 



94 

rounding lung tissue. A fourth small gland is encountered in some 
animals in the acute angle formed by the bifurcation of the trachea 
(PL in, D). 

It seems probable that the gland first described, and denominated 
in these pages as the left bronchial, receives the lymphatics ramifying 
about the bronchi (the peribronchial lymphatics). It is not improbable 
that it receives the lymphatics of the right as well as of the left bron- 
chus. Its situation allows this, and its large size, compared with that 
of the right tracheal and its frequent infection, support this view. 

Within the parenchyma of the left caudal lobe I have encountered 
in rare cases diseased glands situated along the main bronchus, 
between it and the pulmonary artery. They may be found in the 
healthy lung, but only after careful dissection ami search, as they are 
very small. They do not seem to play any important role in tubercu- 
losis, for they rarely obtrude themselves on account of enlargement. 
They may be called intrapulmonary glands. 

The posterior mediastinal glands (PI. iv) form a series or chain of 
glands situated in the dorsal or posterior mediastinum between the 
posterior aorta dorsally and the (esophagus ventrally. This chain 
extends from the pillars of the diaphragm as far as the right super- 
numerary bronchus. Some of the glands of this group may be felt in 
situ after one side of the thorax has been removed, but they are best 
studied by removing the lungs and heart with posterior aorta and 
placing the mass with the dorsal aspect of the lungs uppermost. 
After the aorta has been cut away and reflected these glands come 
into view embedded in more or less fat, the lower ones resting on the 
(esophagus and pillars of the diaphragm and loosely held in position 
by means of connective tissue and the serous membranes inclosing the 
mediastinal space. 'I he number of glands in this chain visible to the 
naked eye varies more or less in different animals. The hyperplasia 
or enlargement following tubercular infection or inflammation of the 
lungs may perhaps bring .some into view and thus account for the var- 
iable number. 

The most important and most constant gland in this group is the 
extreme caudal member of the chain near the tip of the caudal lobes 
(PI. iv, a). It is the largest gland of the chain. In the normal state 
it is a flattened elongated body, from 4 to 6 inches long, three-fourths 
inch broad, and one-half inch thick, rather firmly attached to the mus- 
cular pillars of the diaphragm (//), and extending some distance back 
(caudal) of the large ligament of the lungs (?'). Its cephalic end is 
usually divided, the left lobe projecting farther toward the head than 
the right. It is highly probable that this gland consists of two glands 
fused together. 

From this gland as a starting point the remaining glands seem to 
range themselves in two incomplete series on the right and left side of 
the mediastinal space. One series terminates in the left bronchial 
gland, the other extends farther toward the head to the gland of the 



95 

supernumerary bronchus. The two chains may consist of three or four 
glands only, or there may be as many as seven. 

The difference between the bronchial and posterior mediastinal glands 
in their relation to the lungs is this, that the former are firmly and 
snugly attached to the air tubes, while the latter rest upon the oesopha- 
gus, and are loosely connected with the lungs through the mediastinal 
portion of the pleura. Both, as stated above, are identical in appear- 
ance and in quantity and nature of pigment. It is probable that the 
mediastinal glands receive lymph vessels which ramify beneath the 
pleura (the subpleural lymphatics and their accessories), while the 
bronchial glands drain the immediate vicinity of the air tubes through 
the deep or peribronchial lymphatics. 

If we turn to the literature of this subject we shall find that the 
views just expressed are quite different from those in current works on 
anatomy. As regards the functions of the posterior mediastinal glands 
the following statement may be quoted : 

Die hinteren Mittelfelldriisen liaben ilire Lage an der Herzbasis unter der liiii- 
teren Aorta und am Schlund. Zwerchfell-, Mittelfell-, Schlund- und Herzbeutel- 
lyniphdrusenentleeren sich in sie, ilire Verbindungen mit den Bronchialdriisen ermog- 
liclien den Abflnss. 

Die oberfliicklichen Lungenlymphgefiissen bilden unter der Pulmonalpleura ein 
Netzwerk, das in die vorderen Mittelfell- und Broncbialdruseu seinen Abflnss nimmt, 
in diese der Bifurcation der Trachea eingefiigten Gland, broncldales, Lungendriisen, 
ergiessen sich auch die tiefen den Bronchialverzweigungeu folgenden Lyniphgefiisse 
des Organes. (Article: Lyniphgefassysteni (Sussdorf), Koch's Encyklopiidie der 
gesammt. Thierheilkunde.) 

According to this definition, the posterior mediastinal glands receive 
the lymphatics of the diaphragm, mediastinum, oesophagus, and peri- 
cardium only. If this were true the particles of pigment and the 
tubercle bacilli would have to escape from the lungs into the thoracic 
cavity first before they could come within the reach of the posterior 
mediastinal glands. Furthermore, this definition assumes that all 
lymphatics of the lungs empty into the bronchial and anterior medias- 
tinal glands. The relation of the latter to the lungs is highly doubtful, 
if by anterior mediastinals are meant the small group of glands within 
the thorax under the first rib. These glands are not pigmented. They 
receive the lymph from the chain of lymph glands of the head and 
neck, and tuberculous changes in them are traceable in most cases to 
tuberculosis of the neck glands. It is not to be denied — it is, on the 
whole, highly probable — that the posterior mediastinal glands may 
drain the territories mentioned in the definition, but that they also 
stand in direct relation to the pulmonary lymphatics seems to the writer 
unquestioned. 

A uniform nomenclature of these two sets of glands does not exist. 
While the terms " bronchial glands," "posterior mediastinal glands,'' 
are in general use, R. Schmaltz * is inclined to identify the posterior 

* Topographiscke Anatomie der Korperhohlen des Kindes. Lieferung I, S. 20. 21. 



96 

mediastinal with his oesophageal glands. The bronchial glands are 
separated by him into those which are attached to the trachea outside 
of the parenchyma of the lungs (glandulce lymphaticce cardiales 8. tra- 
cheales posiicce) and those accompanying the bronchi into the lung 
tissue (gl. lymph, bronchiales). 

In view of the confusion existing both as regards the name and the 
functions of the thoracic glands, a thorough reinvestigation of this 
subject, by reason of its important bearing on tuberculosis, is highly 
desirable. In the present article the writer maintains the position 
that not oidy the bronchial but also the posterior mediastinal glands 
as herein described are pulmonary glands, and that the anterior 
mediastinal glands at the root of the thorax are not connected with 
the lungs. A nomenclature of the functions would also be of far more 
service than one of position or location. 

It has already been stated that tuberculous changes in the lung 
tissue are in almost every case accompanied by infection of the pul- 
monary glands, as might be anticipated from the functions of these 
glands. On the other hand, there are many cases of tuberculosis 
limited exclusively to the pulmonary glands. Combining these two 
groups of cases, it becomes evident that in almost every case of pul- 
monary infection the pulmonary glands are attacked. An examination 
of the tables on pages 139 to 144 shows this very clearly. 

If we restrict our attention to the exclusively glandular tuberculosis 
some interesting facts are at hand. In the 53 cases of tuberculosis 
from one herd, 47 had been infected through the lungs. Of these, 27 
had gland disease only, the lungs being free. A still closer analysis 
shows that in 5 cases the mediastinals alone, in 5 the bronchial s alone, 
were diseased. 

Among the bronchial set the left bronchial is most frequently 
involved. Among the mediastinals the large caudal gland is the 
favored seat of tubercles. This gland, on the whole, is perhaps more 
often found diseased than any other thoracic gland, and hence any 
other lymph gland in body. It should never be overlooked in search- 
ing for the primary seat of disease. In the 53 cases of the herd 
referred to, this gland was diseased in 34. The left bronchial was dis- 
eased in 24 cases only. The other glands of either group are not 
infrequently affected at the same time, but there is no regularity in 
this respect. In advanced cases all thoracic glands are diseased. In 
other herds a similar restriction has been observed by the writer, pro- 
vided the disease was not too far advanced. 

In 9 cases from one herd, 3 hadtuberclulosis of thoracic glands only. 

In 17 cases from another herd 3 had tuberculosis of glands only. 

In 8 cases from a third herd, nearly all of which were advanced 
cases, 1 had gland disease only. 

Finally, in 34 cases from a fourth herd 11 had the thoracic disease 
restricted to the glands, but of these 10 had tuberculosis of other organs 
not in the thorax. 



97 

In order to get some information from carefully performed autopsies 
recorded by other observers, I looked over the brief protocols published 
recently by Koekl,* Schtitz, and Lydtin. t These observers examined 
quite a number of animals, many of which had been recognized as 
tuberculous before the application of the tuberculin test. These do not 
concern us here, since they represent more or less advanced tuber- 
culosis of the lungs. One series of 12 fattened cows from the same 
herd is of interest, since they correspond closely to the animals described 
in this bulletin. 

Of these 12, one may be thrown out as doubtful, since some glands 
were not examined. Of the remaining 11, one was free from tubercu- 
losis, the rest infected. 

The 10 cases may be tabulated as follows: 



No. 
2 

i 

6 

8 
9 
10 


Bron- Medias- 
chial tinal 
glands. glands. 


Meson- p , , 

Luilgs - g iS. | SSS- Udder - 


+ 

+ + 

+ + 

f 

z z 

+ + 


1 +++++ 1 1 1 1 
+1+1111111 
l + l 1 II 1 1 1 1 

1 1 1 + 1 i II II 



From this table it will be seen that in 4 the thoracic glands only 
were affected. Five had pulmonary tuberculosis, and of these all but 
1 had disease of the related glands. Infection by way of the lungs 
is indicated in 90 per cent of the cases. 

In another series of 19 animals from the same dairy and in good con- 
dition 12 were found infected; 4 had gland tuberculosis only, the 
remainder pulmonary as well as gland tuberculosis. 

Siedamgrotzki and JohneJ report upon a miscellaneous lot of 40 
animals, of which 23 were found tuberculous. Of these only 2 had the 
disease restricted to the thoracic glands. In most other cases the lungs 
and thoracic glands were diseased. In a few no mention is made of 
the thoracic glands. This may be due to an oversight. 

Fischoder, § in an analysis of 600 cases of tuberculosis observed at one 
of the German abattoirs, states that 599 had tuberculosis of the thoracic 
organs (infection through the air). In 210 of these, i. e. in more than one- 
third of the total number, only the pulmonary glands were involved. 

* Arbeiten aus clem Kaiserl. Gesundheitsanite, viii (1892), p. 1. 
t Log. cit., p. 48. 

t Deutsche Zeitschrift fiir Thiermedicin, xvm (1891), p. 66. 
SZeitschriftf. Fleisch- u. Milehhygieue, iv (1894), p. 8. 
2891— No. 7 7 



98 

This preponderance of gland over pulmonary disease in the earliest 
stages of tuberculosis has not been pointed out with any emphasis 
as an important regularly occurring phenomenon. When the writer 
several years ago began his observations on tuberculosis for the 
purpose of studying the modes of infection, the disease of the tho- 
racic glands was noticed by writers as something casual and acci- 
dental, to be classed with the numerous other freaks of tuberculosis- 
The necessity to find some even slight lesion to account for the 
tuberculin reaction has led recently to more careful examination of the 
cadaver and a better knowledge of the disease itself. 

In summarizing the relation of the thoracic glands to tuberculosis 
we may safely lay down the general statement that in incipient or sta- 
tionary disease the bronchial and posterior mediastinal glands play a 
more important role than any other set of glands in the body. The 
importance of a careful examination of them, especially of the most 
caudal mediastinal and the left bronchial gland, in determining the 
presence of tuberculosis is, therefore, self-evident. 

The primary infection of the pulmonary glands and of other glands 
of the body is not accepted by all pathologists. Some claim that there 
must be lesions at the point of entry, in the lungs, for example, which 
are not recognizable, owing to their minute size. This subject will be 
more fully discussed farther on. Meanwhile the primary infection of 
lymph glands is accepted in this article as frequently occurring and in 
tact as a characteristic of bovine tuberculosis. 

The penetration of tubercle bacilli into and through the lung tissue 
and their final lodgment in the lymph glands is probably due to the 
nature of the bacilli themselves. They are in a thoroughly dry condi- 
tion before they can be inhaled. Passing through the trachea and 
into the bronchial tubes with the current of air, they are deposited, 
seized by some cell and carried into and along the lymph channels 
into some pulmonary gland in the same way as the pigment is carried. 
Why they do not multiply at the place of deposit is probably due to 
the inert state of the dried bacilli. Before they have assumed the 
vegetative state, they have been carried as harmless foreign bodies 
into the lymph glands, sharing thus the same fate as the inert particles 
of pigment. They manifestly are unable to call forth any chemotactic 
activity on the part of the body cells or to produce any so-called local 
irritation until they have begun to multiply. The dried state and the 
proverbially slow growth of tubercle bacilli subsequently may thus 
account for the penetration of tubercle bacilli far into the body before 
they begin to cause tuberculosis. In other regions of the body, such as 
the intestiues, the tubercle bacilli can not be considered as dried, and 
here the simple inert character of the organism may account for its 
being carried into the mesenteric glands without producing recogniz- 
able lesions of the mucous membrane. 

The infection of the pulmonary glands in the early stages of tuber- 



99 

culosis is in many respects a safeguard both to the affected animal and 
the rest of the herd. Tuberculosis of the lungs proper not only appears 
to be more destructive, but, by virtue of the situation of the focus of 
disease, a discharge of tubercle bacilli will take place sooner or later 
which may endanger other portions of the lungs or the throat, and 
which is always responsible for extensive secondary infection and great 
enlargement of the lymph glands, especially the mediastinal. The foci, 
primarily formed in the lymph glands, spread but slowly, and in many 
instances all tendency toward the dissemination of the lesions appears 
to be checked. 

A question of much practical consequence presents itself here in 
regard to the effect of repeated infection. That cattle may be infected 
more than once is self-evident when we consider the chances for such 
infection. The writer has seen a few cases in which two independent 
infections of the large mediastinal gland could be assumed from the 
appearance and location of the disease foci. Again, the occurrence of 
a number of independent foci in the lungs is frequently observed. It 
might be supposed that the occurrence of disease of self-limited extent 
following infection might favorably influence the organism by a kind of 
immunizing or vaccinating process to resist equally well subsequent 
infection. This view must be regarded as true within certain limits, 
but the particular place where the second infection became located 
would to a certain extent modify the result. Thus, two infections of 
the thoracic lymph glands are less harmful than when the second infec- 
tion lodges in the lung tissue itself, for this organ is more vulnerable 
and the bacilli more likely to become diffused. When, therefore, the 
lymph glands have become more or less impaired by disease the powers 
of absorption become less active, and future infections are likely to 
lodge in the lung tissue itself, because the bacilli may not be carried off 
with that promptness which characterized the working of the normal 
uninjured lymphatic system. 

The practical application of these facts is obvious. The more fre- 
quent the infections the more rapid the disease and the speedier the 
danger of the one case to other animals. The fewer the tubercle 
bacilli in the air the more reduced the danger. It is highly probable 
that cattle may under conditions inhale a few tubercle bacilli without 
permanent injury. They may become absorbed into the lymph glands 
and there the disease focus remain small and finally heal. The writer 
has seen the large caudal gland of the posterior mediastinum exten- 
sively cicatrized by old completely healed tuberculous foci. Such 
changes will, of course, not be found excepting where the tubercle 
bacilli were originally deposited. When the disease has once extended 
beyond the confines of the primary focus it has acquired sufficient 
momentum to continue its destructive action uninterruptedly. The 
importance of reducing the amount of infection in a herd by all possi 
ble means and keeping it permanently reduced is one necessary condi- 



100 

tion requisite for the successful eradication of tuberculosis. Eveu if 
tuberculin does not reach every mild case, the perculiar nature of the 
affection in virtue of which a slight amount of infection may be over- 
come bridges over the gap which may have been left by turberculin. 

The important facts bearing on tuberculosis of the lungs in cattle 
are briefly as follows: 

(1) Primary infection through the air is more frequent under exist- 
ing conditions than any other mode of infection. 

(2) The early stages of the disease may consist of glandular affec- 
tions only. 

(3) The extent and rapidity of the disease depend at least in part 
upon the number of tubercle bacilli inhaled either within short or long- 
periods of time. 

(4) Tuberculosis of the lungs is not necessarily associated with any 
other recognizable lung affection as a preexisting, favoring condition. 

PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LYMPH GLANDS OF THE HEAD AND 

NECK. 

(Plates V aud VI.) 

These glands are so frequently the seat of primary infection that 
they demand careful consideration. Before discussing their relation to 
the disease in detail we will review brierly their location and function. 
These glands are in pairs and symmetrically situated on both sides of 
the body. They comprise the submaxillary, the parotid, the retro- 
pharyngeal, aud the postmaxillary glands. 

Each submaxillary lymph gland or group of glands (PI. vr, C) is sit- 
uated on the inner aspect of the lower jaw, in front of the angle. The 
larger gland is hidden within the large anterior head of the submax- 
illary salivary gland (/) and covered with some fat. After the skin is 
removed a drawing away of the salivary gland from the bone exposes 
at once the gland, which has the usual flattish shape and is about 1.5 
inches long. The other glands, if present, are situated nearer the 
angle. It receives the external lymphatics of the nose, iips, aud cheeks, 
and the lymphatics of a portion of the mucous membrane of the nose 
and cheeks, and of the anterior portion of the tongue. It drains into 
the retropharyngeal gland.* 

The parotid gland (PI. vi, A) is situated quite superficially. If a 
line be drawn from the external meatus of the ear to the lower border 
of the orbit of the eye the upper end of the gland touches this line and 
is located about 1 inch in front of the meatus. The gland is about 1..") 
to 2 inches long and is partially concealed by the anterior margin of 
the parotid salivary gland. This gland receives lymphatics from the 
ear, the parotid salivary gland, the temporal region, and the pharynx. 

* The information here given concerning the resjwctive territories drained by these 
glands is taken from Koch's Encyclopaedia. 



101 

The most important pair of glands, so far as tuberculosis is concerned, 
are the retropharyngeal glands (Gl. tracheales s. cervicales superiores). 
These are somewhat larger than those just described. Their situation 
is most readily understood by examining Plate V, which represents the 
head of a Jersey cow sawn through in the median plane. The indi- 
viduals of this pair of glands are in close proximity to each other and 
situated directly under the mucous membrane, covering the dorsal or 
posterior wall of the naso-pharynx (the passage leading from the nasal 
cavities into the oesophagus). Each rests laterally on the hyoid bone. 
Besides receiving the efferent vessels of the two sets of glands 
described they receive the lymphatics of the caudal region of the nasal 
cavities, including those of the pharynx. 

In close proximity to these glands are another set which do not 
appear to figure in text-books; at least the writer has been unable to 
identify them with descriptions given . They are situated under the cau- 
dal or posterior margin of that portion of the submaxillary salivary gland 
which extends along the caudal margin of the parotid gland upwards 
towards the ear. The glandular mass is irregular and usually sepa- 
rable into two or three independent glands. They are denominated 
here postmaxillary (PI. vi, B). 

The tonsils are situated under the mucous membrane of the posterior 
region of the nasal passage. The opening is shown below the soft 
palate as a black spot in Plate v. 

One or the other of the four pairs of glands described and the ton- 
sils represent the seat of primary infection in many cases. An examina- 
tion of the synoptic tables on pages 139 to 144 shows that the entire dis- 
ease is not unfrequently limited to these glands.* 

Of the four pairs, the retropharyngeal are by far the most frequently 
diseased. This is due primarily to the important position of this pair, 
and secondarily to the fact that it receives the lymph from the other 
pairs, excepting, perhaps the postmaxillary, into which it may drain. 
Hence it is uncommon to find any of the other glands affected without 
tuberculosis of these glands. On the other hand, they are diseased in 
many cases when none of the others are involved. Although both 
glands are usually diseased, it is not uncommon to find but one involved. 
In the tables referred to above one cross indicates disease of but one 
gland, two crosses of both glands. 

The submaxillary glands are rarely diseased, hence any palpation 
or inspection of the intermaxillary space for enlarged glands is likely 
to prove fruitless in most cases. The parotid glands are also rarely 
infected primarily. A swelling or tumor in front of one or both ears is 
strongly suggestive of tuberculosis of these glands. Lastly, the post- 
maxillary glands are also infrequently diseased. Any enlargement 
causes a swelling to appear behind the lower jaw. 



* Whether the postmaxillary glands may be primarily diseased or whether they 
receive the infection from the retropharyngeal glands remains to be determined. 



102 

The tonsils are less frequently diseased than one might suppose from 
their situation. The largest percentage of tonsilar disease was found 
in herd V (Table IV, p. 143). In one animal it appears to have been 
secondary to tuberculosis of one of the retropharyngeal glands. A 
small fistulous opening from the enormously enlarged gland was found 
in the roof of the posterior nasal passage. The tonsil of the same side 
appeared to have been only recently infected. 

In tracing the channels of infection it is of considerable importance 
to determine how far tuberculosis of the retropharyngeal glands may 
be due to tubercle bacilli inhaled, or to such as are ingested with the 
food. Writers are in general agreed that disease of these glands is the 
result of food infection. It is not improbable that bacilli inspired in 
the air are frequently deposited in the nasal passages with the dust. 
Whether such bacilli are absorbed from the surface of the normal 
mucous membrane is questionable. In the mouth, on the other hand, 
the opportunities for slight laceration of the mucosa are more numerous, 
and hence the chances for infection of the lymph glands better. More- 
over, the tonsils may be active in the absorption of particles through 
the agency of migrating leucocytes. If this be so it is strange that so 
little tuberculosis of the tonsils is found with so much infection of the 
retropharyngeal glands. Perhaps here, as in the lungs, the absorption 
and passage through the tonsils into the lymph glauds goes on very 
rapidly, so that opportunity for multiplication is not given until the 
bacilli have reached the lymph glands. 

Besides the chances for direct infection from without these head glands 
may also be secondarily infected with tubercle bacilli, which are coughed 
up from the lungs when the disease in the latter organs is far advanced 
and the broken-down tissue is discharging into some air tube. 

If, as seems very probable, infection of the glands of the head is 
to be ascribed largely to those tubercle bacilli which are taken into the 
mouth with the food, the source of the bacilli may be looked for in the 
milk or in the tuberculous discharges from nose and vagina, which cat- 
tle may take into their mouth when they lick one another. The food 
may also be infected with these discharges. 

Tuberculosis of these glands always forms a prominent feature of the 
bovine disease. In Herd I (Table I, p. 139) the retropharyngeal glands 
were diseased in 9 out of 00 animals. In 5 of these no other focus of 
disease could be found. Of the remaining four cases two were proba- 
bly secondarily infected with tubercle bacilli discharged from softened 
foci in the lungs. In Herd II (Table II) the percentage of cases with 
tuberculosis of the glands of the head is very high. An analysis of 
the lesions found in the lungs indicates that perhaps a few may have 
been infected secondarily from bacilli discharged from ruptured foci in 
the lungs. Again in Herd Y (Table IV) the infection of the lymph 
glands of the head stands out prominently. 

Tuberculosis of the retropharyngeal glands may become serious by 



103 

impeding respiration and deglutition. An examination of Plate V will 
show that any enlargement of these glands will diminish the size of 
the pharynx. When they become very large and are associated with 
enlarged, diseased tonsils, the difficulty in breathing may become very 
great by the encroachment of the passage from two directions. Case 
H, page 143, is a good illustration of this condition. Though the ani- 
mal breathed with difficulty and was emaciated, the only serious tuber- 
culous lesions existed in the throat glands and the tonsils. Those in the 
chest were trifling. In cow No. 292 (Table V) one of the retropharyn- 
geals measured 5 by A by 3 inches, the dimensions of the normal gland 
of the opposite side being 1 J by 1 by ^ inch, or only one one hundred and 
sixtieth of the volume of the tuberculous gland. A minute opening from 
this gland through the mucosa of the roof of the nasal passage was found, 
through which putrefactive bacteria had entered, and the disintegrated 
tuberculous tissue was discharging outward. The enormous gland had 
greatly encroached on the space of the pharynx and the epiglottis was 
displaced so as to appear obliquely placed. A serious result of this con- 
dition was the presence of small pneumonic foci in the lungs, due to the 
aspiration of foreign particles. The impaired s wallo win g permitted such 
particles to enter the trachea. In the minute plugged air tubes of the 
affected lobules, vegetable fibers were found completely encrusted with 
leucocytes. Only traces of tuberculosis were found in the lungs and 
one gland in the mesentery was affected. The visible signs of disease 
in this animal may thus be attributed exclusively to the enormous 
throat gland. 

The comparative frequency of tuberculosis of the glands of the head 
in the herds examined by the writer does not appear to be paralleled 
in other countries. The latest most extensive figures of Fischoder 
include only 6 cases of tuberculous "cervical glands" out of 600, or but 
1 per cent. This small percentage it is hard to account for. 

PEIMAEY TUBEEOTTLOSIS 0E THE MESENTEEIO GLANDS, THE INTES- 
TINES, AND THE LIVEE. 

The glands within the layers of the mesentery are very frequently 
the seat of tuberculous lesions. A glance at the tables is sufficient to 
show this. In nearly all cases the evidence is pretty positive that the 
tubercle bacilli were absorbed from the contents of the intestines and 
not from the circulating blood. They must, therefore, have passed 
through the stomachs with the food and resisted the destructive action 
of the digestive process. When we come to analyze this mode of infec- 
tion more minutely the source of the infectious material is not always 
recognizable with certainty, since disease of the mesenteric glands is 
rarely seen by itself, other foci being in almost every case associated 
with it. In the cases summarized in Tables I to V, only one animal is 
shown to have exclusively disease of the mesenteric glands and of the 



104 

liver (No. 333 in Table I). In all the remaining cases there are tuber- 
culous foci either in the lungs themselves or in pulmonary lymph 
glands, which indicate infection through the inspired air as well. These 
cases range themselves in two groups, those in which the lungs them- 
selves are affected, and those in which only the pulmonary glands are 
diseased. In the former group of cases the tubercle bacilli may have 
been coughed up from the disintegrating foci in the lung tissue, swal- 
lowed and absorbed from the intestines into the mesenteric glands. In 
the latter group this could not occur because the tubercle bacilli are 
locked up in the lymph glands of the thorax. In this group, therefore, 
the infection of the digestive tract must be regarded as independent of 
the lunginfection.* 

A careful examination of the autopsy notes of herd I (pp. 31 to 59) will 
show that even in many cases of pulmonary disease, either the lesions 
are not far enough advanced to account for the disease of the mesen- 
teric glands, or else the stage of disease in the latter is as old as, or 
perhaps older, than the lung disease. Hence we may safely affirm 
that in many cases of tuberculosis the animals have both inhaled and 
ingested the tubercle bacilli, thus starting at the same or at different 
times, two independent foci of disease. 

Tuberculosis of the mucous membrane of the intestines is very rare. 
The writer very carefully examined the digestive tract of the animals 
included in Table I without finding tuberculous changes in the mucous 
membrane, with the exception of one advanced case (No. 338), in which 
there was evidently an abundant discharge of tubercle bacilli from the 
lungs. In this case, which was near the point of death, all. Peyer's 
patches of the small intestine were extensively infiltrated with tuber- 
cles. (See p. 124 for worm tubercles vs. genuine tubercles). 

In the animals included in the other tables, no systematic examina- 
tion of the intestines was made, i. e., the tube was slit up throughout 
its extent in only a few cases, but the serous surface was more or less 
carefully inspected to note any signs of disease in Peyer's patches. 

The presence of tubercle bacilli in the liver maymanifest itself by tuber- 
culous foci in the liver tissue, or what is more common, by tuberculosis of 
the lymph glands situated in the portal fissure, and denominated portal 
glands in the tables. An inspection of these will show, out of 123 tab- 
ulated cases, 29 wi th tuberculous portal glands. Of these, 12have deposits 
in the liver at the same time. Three have disease of the latter with- 
out corresponding infection of the glands. Hence, in determining the 
presence or absence of infection of the portal system the portal glands 
must be carefully searched for tubercles. 

Tuberculosis of the liver is probably, in most cases, a result of food 
infection. This is made evident by the fact that in most cases of liver 
tuberculosis the mesenteric glands are also diseased. In the 29 cases 



Nos.346, 348, 355,358 in Table I; Nos. 599 in Table II; J in Table III. 



105 

tabulated all but 4 are associated with disease of the mesenteric glands. 
Of these four one is associated with disease of throat glands, also 
indicative of food infection. In the three cases remaining the disease 
may be secondary to lung disease in one and primary in two. 

The sources of the bacilli which enter the portal system may be sev- 
eral. The bacilli may be absorbed directly from the mucous membrane 
of the intestines into the venous radicles of the portal system. They 
may also pass from some focus in the mesenteric gland into the portal 
system. In either case the original source is the contents of the 
intestines. Primary infection of the liver during fetal life will be 
discussed further on. 



OTHER ORGANS WHICH MAY BE PRIMARILY DISEASED. 

We have seen that the primary foci of infection are in the great 
majority of cases situated (1) in the lungs or the bronchial and medias- 
tinal glands, and (2) in the glands of the neck and head, the mesen- 
teric glands, the portal glands, and in the substance of the liver. The 
first indicate infection through the inspired air, the second through 
the food. Of the other seats of primary disease only the udder and 
the genital organs (the uterus) come into consideration. Bang* is 
inclined to believe that tuberculosis of the udder does now and then 
appear primarily in animals which are in very good condition. A case 
recently examined is of interest in this connection. 

A large Jersey cow, registered, 6 years old, kept in a large herd under 
very good sanitary conditions, has had some trouble with the right half 
of the udder for two years. During this time only the anterior quarter 
of this side was milked. At the beginning of this year (1894) she gave 
birth to a calf, but "did not clean well." She was killed in April, 
although in very good condition at the time if we except the vaginal 
discharge. The affected half of the udder was uniformly larger than 
the secreting half and very firm. The autopsy showed the following 
conditions: 

The right half of the udder with the exception of a narrow anterior 
segment was involved uniformly in tuberculosis The cut surface had 
a mottled pink and pale yellowish appearance throughout. A few cir- 
cumscribed areas were somewhat further advanced in caseation, for 
they appeared more uniformly opaque, yellowish, the pinkish element 
having disappeared. ~No old focus of disease could be found in the 
udder from which a dissemination of the virus into the surroundings 
could be inferred to have taken place. Cover- glass preparations made 
by gently scraping the cut surface and rubbing the material so obtained 
on slides showed many tubercle bacilli. Sections of the organ hard- 
ened in alcohol were erpially conclusive as to the nature of the affec- 
tion. Every acinus was the seat of one or more tubercles. In some a 



Deutsche Zt-chr. f. Thievmed., xi (1884). p. 45. 



106 

little of the secreting epithelium was still left; in others it had been 
completely crowded out by the neoplasms. In only a small percentage 
of the tubercles was the center necrosed. Tubercle bacilli were very 
abundant, both in the numerous giant cells and in the peripheral zones 
of each tubercle. The pubic lymph glands in this animal were very 
much enlarged and contained minute, isolated, and confluent necrotic 
foci. Tuberculosis was detected in other organs, as shown in the fol- 
lowing post-mortem notes, dictated by the writer: 

Both retropharyngeal glands contain small foci of tuberculosis of recent origin. 
In both principal lobes of the lungs there are a considerable number of foci, involv- 
ing each one or more lobules. Some are uniformly necrotic, but not softened ; others 
are composed of groups of isolated tubercles. In the smaller lobes a small number of 
similar foci exist. The large mediastinal gland is 4 by 2 by 3 inches in size. It con- 
tains large yellowish, partly calcareous foci. Left bronchial gland, about 2 inches 
in diameter, in the same condition. 

A whitish pasty exudate in one horn of the uterus, the walls of which are nearly 
half an inch thick and contain small caseous foci. Tuberculosis determined in sec- 
tions of hardened tissue. 

This case is peculiarly interesting on account of the extensive tuber- 
culous infiltration of the adder. Was it infected from without or through 
the blood? The most reasonable explanation seems to be the latter. 
The disease in the lungs, the uterus, and the udder was, according to 
microscopic examination, in about the same stage. That of the medi- 
astinal glands was in a more advanced stage. The probability is that, 
dining the violent disturbance occasioned by the birth of the calf, tuber- 
cle bacilli were carried into the circulation from the older focus in the 
mediastinal glands. They lodged and subsequently multiplied in the 
organs mentioned. The uniform diffusion of the disease in the udder 
might be explained by a rapid disintegration of some small foci and the 
downward dissemination of the tubercle bacilli through the milk ducts. 

Another hypothesis entertained by the writer was the infection of the 
udder from without through the milk ducts. This would appear well 
nigh impossible in an udder milked twice a day, by which process all 
entering tubercle bacilli would be washed out promptly. Considering, 
however, that in this animal the affected quarter had not given milk 
for two years, we can not rely on the washing out of the ducts in this 
instance. Another question naturally arises in this connection, whether 
tubercle bacilli are capable of growing along a milk duct in competition 
with other bacteria. We know that they are often present in enormous 
numbers in necrotic tissue, but whether they may live in the secretions 
of a mucous surface so as to become disseminated is open to serious 
doubt when we bear in mind their peculiar parasitism. 

Another mode of entrance would be through injuries of the udder 
itself. If the injury were deep enough the bacilli might be deposited 
directly in the gland tissue, but a mere abrasion is hardly a suitable 
place of entry. In deep lacerations the tubercle bacilli would very prob- 
ably have to compete with pyogenic bacteria introduced at the same 
time. 



107 

The whole subject of udder tuberculosis needs more careful study, 
especially with reference to the question of primary infection. This 
question is of great importance because a primary infection would be 
all the more dangerous since it might be associated with an otherwise 
healthy organism and thus ward off suspicion until much damage has 
been done by the milk. 

Primary infection of the uterus from without could hardly take place 
excepting during copulation. The bull may carry tubercle bacilli from 
one cow to another without necessarily being diseased himself, as in the 
case of tuberculosis of the uterus associated with vaginal discharge. 
In case the genital organs of the bull are affected the transmission of 
tuberculosis to the cow is easily understood. Nevertheless, primary 
tuberculosis of the uterus does not appear to be very common. In 
most cases with diseases of this organ, the infection may be traced to some 
other preexisting focus in the same animal. Local infection of the bull 
from the cow seems to be comparatively rare in spite of the fact that 
tuberculous lesions of the uterus associated with the discharge of 
tubercle bacilli in catarrhal secretions are not infrequent. Even tuber- 
culosis of the vagina and vulva have been reported.* 

An interesting case of probable infection through the genital organs 
is No. 631, in Table II. A bull calf about 8 months old, which had 
given a reaction after the injection of tuberculin, was killed and care- 
fully examined. Only one focus of disease was found. The pubic 
glands were enlarged and studded with yellowish tubercles. Since 
there was no other primary focus in the body, no indication of general- 
ized infection, the only explanation left was the contraction of the dis- 
ease from some cow with tuberculous uterus. The bacilli were absorbed 
from the external genital organs and deposited in the corresponding 
lymph glands. 

A case of primary tuberculosis of the penis in a bull was reported by 
A. Ebert several years ago. 



THE RELATION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM TO THE PRIMARY SEAT 
OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE, 

In the preceding chapter it was pointed out that a large proportion 
of the cases in which tuberculosis was either in an incipient stage, or 
else restricted to a single focus, the lesions were found in the lym- 
phatic glands, which drain certain organs exposed to infection and not 
in these organs themselves, and it has been tacitly assumed that the 
tubercle bacilli passed through these organs into the respective lymph 
glands without leaving any trace of disease behind. 

Thus in infection by way of the lungs the tubercle bacilli pass 
through the tissues of the parenchyma, and are carried in the lymph 



* Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Thiermedicin, xvm (1891), p. 195. 
t Loc. cit., p. 188. 



108 

channels to the corresponding lymph glands. In infection by way of 
the intestines, the tubercle bacilli pass through tlie mucous membrane 
into the mesenteric glands, or by way of the portal system, into the 
liver. The same may be said of the mouth and nose. The bacilli 
deposited on the mucous membrane are carried into the lymph glands 
without causing any visible lesion of the mucous membrane. These 
conditions hold for only a portion of the cases which come under 
observation, for in the remainder the parenchyma of the organs is 
involved in the disease. In some of these cases, however, there still 
remains the question whether the earliest lesions may not have been 
limited to the lymph glands. 

That tubercle bacilli may pass into the lymph channels of organs 
without leaving in the latter any trace of disease was first distinctly 
pointed out by Weigert* with regard to tuberculosis in children. He 
called attention to the fact that tubercle bacilli may enter the mouth, 
the lungs, and the intestines, and affect the respective lymph glands 
without first causing disease of these organs. In case of the lungs, 
secondary infection may take place later on from the lymph glands by 
contiguity. He furthermore pointed out that scrofula in children is 
explained by the absorption of tubercle bacilli from the mouth and 
their retention and multiplication in the glands of the neck. In adults 
the reverse is usually true. The parenchyma of the organs becomes 
affected first, and the lymph glands afterwards. 

Bollinger t likewise admits the absorption of tubercle bacilli without 
the appearance of a local lesion. 

Veterinary pathologists have also called attention to this peculiar 
behavior of tubercle bacilli. Hartenstein J speaks of the lymph glands 
as excellent reagents for the presence of tubercle bacilli in the body 
Eber-Johne§ and Rieck || also refer to the restricted localization of 
tubercle bacilli in the lymph glands. Baumgarten,1] on the other hand, 
maintains the position that tubercle bacilli can not pass any organ or 
mucous membrane without causing tuberculous lesions at the place of 
entry. 

Tangl,** working on this theme at his suggestion, comes to the same 
conclusion. The latter found that in guinea pigs the application of 
tubercle bacilli to the uninjured conjunctiva produced at first local and 
subsequently generalized tuberculosis. In rabbits, on the other hand, 
neither local nor subsequently general tuberculosis was produced. The 



*Jahrlmch fiir Kinderheilkunde, xxi (1884). 
t Tenth International Congress at Berlin, 1890. 
i Archiv f. wiss u. prakt. Tkierheilkunde xvi (1890), S. 354. 
§ Encyklopadie d. gesanimt. Tkierheilkunde (Article Tuberculosa 
JIArckiv f. wiss. u. prakt. Tliierbeilkunde, xix (1893), S. 1. 
^[ Pathologische Mykologie. Arbeiten a. d. path-anatom. Institut 
[Teber experimentelle congenitale Tuberkulose. 

** Centrablatt fiir allgemeine Pathologic, I (1890), S. 763. 



109 

experimental observations of Dobroklonski* do not appear to give rnuch 
support to Baumgarten's view. He fed guinea pigs with a few drops 
of pure cultures of tubercle bacilli and studied the mucous membrane 
of the intestines at different intervals. He found that, although the 
epithelium remained intact, the solitary and agminated follicles, or 
Peyer's patches, soon began to show signs of disease. The tuberculous 
changes might also, though very rarely, take place in the subepithelial 
layer of the mucosa. The rapidity with which the bacilli penetrated 
into the lymphatic system was demonstrated by the fact that tubercle 
bacilli were found as early as the fourth day in the mesenteric glands, 
and that the tubercles appeared as soon in these glands as in the lymph 
follicles of the intestine. 

Whichever view we may adopt, the fact remains, that in a very large 
number of cases of bovine tuberculosis in the earlier stages a most 
careful scrutiny reveals only disease of the lymph glands. If the bacilli 
do cause disease of the lungs on their way to the thoracic glands the 
lesion remains invisible to the naked eye and heals up. The same may 
be said of the intestines and mucous membrane of the mouth and nose. 



DISSEMINATION OF TUBEEOLE BACILLI WITHIN THE BODY FROM THE 
PEIMAEY FOCUS. 

After the lodgment of tubercle bacilli in the primary focus, where 
their multiplication stimulates the formation of the neoplasms or 
tubercles peculiar to this malady, the disease may after a time become 
stationary and the tuberculous products finally undergo calcification. 
In most cases, however, the disease, after being purely local for a time, 
and not disturbing the normal functions of the animal to any recogniz- 
able degree, spreads from the original focus more or less rapidly and 
invades the more organs and structures the longer the life of the affected 
animal. The courses which the virus takes in moving from the primary 
focus or foci to establish new centers are subject to much puzzling vari- 
ation and have been the subject of much investigation and speculation. 
The development of the meat-inspection service in Germany has stimu- 
lated discussion in this field perhaps more than in any other connected 
with bovine tuberculosis.f In general the tubercle bacilli may be dis- 
seminated either by the lymph or the blood channels or by both com- 
bined. To these may be added the dissemination by contiguity, which 
is probably responsible for most forms of tuberculosis of the serous 
membranes pearly disease). Inasmuch as this is a very important 
type of the disease we will discuss it by itself firsr. 

* Archives de Me"decine experimentale, n (1890), p. 253. 

t Those who would pursue this phase of the subject are referred to the writings 
of Ostertag, Schmidt-Muhlheirn, Harteustein, and those of Carl Weigert for human 
tuberculosis. 



110 

TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SEROUS MEMBRANES (PEARLY DISEASE). 

This form of the disease, if such it maybe justly called, has always 
created more or less interest, largely owing to the very remarkable 
growths produced on parts of the body at once exposed to view when the 
carcass is opened. Formerly it was customary to consider tuberculosis 
of the organs and tuberculosis of the serous membranes (pleura, peri- 
cardium, peritoneum) as more or less distinct, although associated 
forms, of disease. This view is gradually giving way as our knowledge 
of the progress of the disease iu the body is becoming more thorough. 
Eieck,* with reference to this same subject, says that former statistics 
which maintain that there is a large number of cases of tuberculosis of 
the serous membranes exclusively must rest upon partial examination. 
He himself states that in all of the many cases examined by him at the 
Leipsic abattoir pearly disease was associated either with tuberculosis 
of the bronchial, mediastinal, or mesenteric lymph glands. 

So far as the writer's observations have gone they fully confirm Eieek's 
statement that tuberculosis of the serous membranes is not primary. 
In the 53 tuberculous animals of the herd in Table I tuberculosis of the 
sen >us membrane was observed but three times. In one case (No. 338) it 
was associated with widely disseminated and severe lesions of the lungs 
and lymphatic apparatus. In the second case (No. 314) the costal 
pleura was affected by contiguity from a large pulmonary focus, and in 
the third case (No. 343) the abdominal diaphragm was studded with 
tubercles which were secondary to disease of the thoracic glands. 

In the cases presented in the other tables tuberculosis of the serous 
membranes is also associated with glandular tuberculosis. 

The very small percentage of cases in which the serous membranes 
were found diseased by the writer, and the absence of any primary 
infection of these membranes, are facts significant in confirming Eieck's 
statement that tuberculosis of the serous membranes is quite a second- 
ary phenomenon and does not deserve the attention which has been 
accorded to it up to the present. It is probably never present in incipi- 
ent cases or in such as have been healed or become stationary in the 
earliest stages. If tuberculosis of the pleura or peritoneum is found 
it should be regarded as an indication that further search be made, 
especially in the thoracic and the mesenteric glands, for the seat of 
primary infection. 

In the many isolated cases of advanced tuberculosis examined dur- 
ing the past five or six years by the writer tuberculosis of the serous 
membranes was never absent. Sooner or later these membranes 
become the seat of a more or less extensive tubercle eruption. This 
may occur when the disease travels by contiguity, as from lung tissue 
to pulmonary pleura, and thence to the costal pleura, to wdiich the dis- 
eased pulmonary pleura soon become adherent. Or it may be due to a 



Archiv f. wiss. u. prakt. Thierheilkunde, xix (1893) S. 1. 



Ill 

backward flow of lyinph, an occurrence confirmed, in the writer's opinion, 
by case No. 343, \). 48. In this animal there were several tuberculous 
foci in the lungs but no pleural tubercles. The posterior medias- 
tinal and the bronchial glands were at least as large as fists (one 
mediastinal 8 by 5 inches) and consisted mainly of sacs of partly 
cheesy, partly puriform matter. The large' caudal mediastinal gland 
was least affected. Curiously enough the abdominal aspect of the 
diaphragm was studded with a considerable number of flatfish, rather 
large, sessile, tuberculous masses. An adhesion between the dia- 
phragm had led to the formation of a similar mass on the capsule ol 
the liver. Between this and the diaphragm the adhesion bad expanded 
into a very delicate false ligament, on the free margin of which were 
several tuberculous masses. 

The infection of the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm must have 
originated in this case from the lymphatic glands of the thorax, which 
receive the lymphatics of the diaphragm. The capsule of the liver 
was infected by contiguity for tbe parenchyma and the portal glands 
were normal. The mesenteric glands likewise were free from disease, 
hence the intestinal origin of the infection must be excluded. The 
tubercle bacilli could not have traveled through the diaphragm from 
the pleural side, for there was no disease of the pleura. There seems to 
be no other explanation than that the tubercle bacilli were forced back 
from the greatly enlarged, tuberculous, lymphatic glands of the posterior 
mediastinum into the lymph channels, which have their roots in the 
diaphragm. The possibility of such a retrograde movement of tuber- 
cle bacilli or cells containing them is made evident when we bear in mind 
the peculiar conditions. The bronchial and mediastinal glands were 
very large, one alone as large as a child's head. The filling up of much 
of the available thoracic space by these glands must have led during 
paroxysms of coughing to a considerable positive pressure within the 
cavity of the thorax, by which lymph may have been forced back into 
the peritoneal cavity. This mode of distribution of the tubercular 
virus may perhaps be not so rare as would appear at first thought, 
and it may be that a careful examination of a large number of animals 
in which the disease is still more or less restricted to the thorax will 
demonstrate occasional infection of the serous membranes in this way. 

These observations, added to those of Eieck, go far toward proving 
that what has been called pearly disease in cattle is nothing more than 
a manifestation of a more or less advanced stage of tuberculosis of 
certain organs, especially the lymph glands, from whence it has over- 
flowed, as it were, through the lymphatic system. This condition may 
be brought about, at least in part, by a marked resistance of certain 
organs of the bovine organism to tuberculosis. The lymphatic system 
offering least resistance becomes the seat of a chronic, prolonged dis- 
ease process, in which the serous membranes, after a time, take part. 
This marked localization of the process is well exemplified in No. 338. 



112 

Besides the lungs no other organ was attacked by visible tuberculous 
changes. The disease was restricted to the lymphatic system, includ- 
ing the large serous cavities and, lastly, Peyer's patches of the small 
intestine. 

We may then summarize the ways in which tuberculosis of the serous 
membranes takes place as follows: (1) By escape of bacilli from some 
focus of disease situated under one of the serous coverings, such as 
lungs, liver, intestines, and associated lymph glands. If many bacilli 
enter a serous cavity an extensive eruption of tubercles is likely to 
appear in the peritoneum, chiefly on the omentum; in the thorax, 
mainly on the dependent portion of the lungs. (2) By an accidental 
temporary reversion of the lymph current by which bacilli may be car- 
ried backward from the diseased gland, (o) The disease may travel 
from pleura to peritoneum and from peritoneum to pleura by a simple 
growth of the tubercles through the diaphragm (Weigert). 

Tuberculosis of the serous membranes seems to cause least damage 
to the animals affected, if we are to judge from occasional autopsies, 
in which an enormous number of tubercles on these membranes may 
be compatible with a very fair condition of the animal, provided organs 
like lungs and liver are not seriously involved at the same time. There 
is, of course, more or less encroachment of space and perhaps consider- 
able impediment to the normal gliding of organs on neighboring struc- 
tures. A case of this kind is found on Table II (No. 590). On opening 
the abdominal and thoracic cavities an exceedingly extensive eruption 
of tubercles was found on peritoneum, pleura, pericardium, and epicar- 
dium. The impression conveyed by this appearance was of extensive 
organic disease. This was not the case, however. In the head the 
submaxillary and retropharyngeal glands were badly diseased, but in 
the thorax the lungs were free, in spite of the pleural affection, and the 
disease was restricted to the large mediastinal gland. In the abdomen 
the peritoneal disease had invaded the uterus. The mesenteric and 
lymphatic glands were affected and the serous covering of the liver 
was studded with tubercles, but there was no disease of the parenchyma 
of the liver, spleen, or kidneys. In this case the pearly disease may 
have started from a tuberculous mesenteric gland. 

It does not appear probable, from observations made at autopsies, that 
organs are invaded to any extent by tuberculosis starting on their 
serous covering. There is, however, one important exception. Tuber- 
culosis of the Fallopian tubes and of the uterus appears to be largely 
an extension of the disease by contiguity from the peritoneal covering 
of these and adjacent organs. 

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE LYMPH CHANNELS. 

The spreading of tuberculous lesions from one gland to another in 
the direction of the lymph stream is frequently observed. The progress, 



113 

however, seems to be so slow that this mode is frequently overtaken by 
others and the animal succumbs before much progress is made. 

Successive infection of the glands of the head and neck is now and 
then noticed. In No. 611 (Table II) all the glands of only one side of 
the head (left parotid, submaxillary, retropharyngeal, and post maxil- 
lary) were diseased, those of the other side healthy. In another case 
not tabulated the infection could be traced from the glands of the head 
to those at the root of the neck. In No. 292 (Table V) the right retro- 
pharyngeal and post maxillary glands and the right tonsil were dis- 
eased, the corresponding structures on the left side normal. 

In tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands the bacilli may, as has been 
stated, become diffused over the peritoneum or, what is more probable, 
carried into the thoracic duct. 

In tuberculosis of the liver the tubercle bacilli are usually carried 
into the portal lymph glands at the hilus. They may also be carried 
through the lymph channels, which are said to pass from the liver into 
the thoracic cavity. Here they would probably be deposited in the 
large caudal mediastinal gland. This mode of infection of the medias- 
tinal gland is probably extremely rare. For in incipient cases the 
mediastinal glands are in many cases diseased and the liver free. On 
the other hand, the liver may be extensively diseased, but the mediasti- 
nals free (No. 333, p. 43). 

While tubercle bacilli appear to be usually carried in lymph chan- 
nels with the current, one case of evidently retrograde movement of 
the tubercle bacilli has been noticed and already referred to on page 111. 

DISSEMINATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI THROUGH THE BLOOD (GEN- 
ERALIZED INFECTION). 

The virus of tuberculosis does not vegetate in the blood. Its presence 
in this fluid is accidental, due to the rupture of a caseous focus into some 
blood vessel, or into lymph channels (right and left thoracic ducts) emp- 
tying directly into the blood stream. The disease is therefore, as a rule, 
pretty generally distributed by repeated primary infection, by the lym- 
phatic system and by auto-infection before indications of blood infec- 
tion are manifest. Even after tubercle bacilli have entered the circu- 
lation they are speedily fixed in the parenchyma of the various organs, 
so that unless there is a continual discharge of tubercle bacilli into the 
blood from some focus of disease the blood infection is very tempo- 
rary. 

Infection of the blood may occur repeatedly in the more advanced 
stages of tuberculosis. Comparative pathologists have for convenience 
adopted two designations for two somewhat different forms of the gen- 
eralized disease. When the blood has been infected with only a small 
number of tubercle bacilli, foci may be found scattered through the 
body, but only in small numbers. This condition has been denomi- 
2891— No. 7 8 



114 

nated by Ostertag as chronic generalized tuberculosis. When a large 
number of bacilli have escaped into the circulation and an eruption of 
a large number of tubercles appears in various organs, such as kidneys, 
spleen, and liver, the disease has been called acute, generalized tuber- 
culosis. The chronic form with occasional tuberculous foci in the 
parenchyma of organs or the glands associated therewith is not uncom- 
mon; the acute form, however, at least in that stage in which numer- 
ous tubercles are visible to the unaided eyes within the spleen, liver, 
and kidneys, is quite rare. The chronic form is seen chiefly in old cows 
which have struggled with tuberculosis for many years and in which, 
during this long period, there has been perhaps one, perhaps more tem- 
porary entries of tubercle bacdli into the circulation. It is now and 
then seen in comparatively young animals. 

The parenchyma of the liver, spleen, and kidneys appears to be more 
or less opposed to the multiplication of tubercle bacilli, for even when 
there has been blood infection at some time the tubercle bacilli may 
leave these organs where they have been deposited by the blood stream 
and pass by way of the lymph channels into the lymph glands belong- 
ing to such organs, where the destructive process assumes proportions 
soon visible to the unaided eye. Hence, in endeavoring to trace any 
generalized infection, the lymph glands of such organs as the kidneys 
should always be examined. It is this fact which led Hartenstein to 
regard the lymph glands as the best (and often the only) reagents for 
the presence of tuberculosis in cattle. That generalized infection may 
have occurred without being recognizable to the unaided eye is proved 
by case No. 23.3 reported in Bulletin No. 3, page G2. The milk of this 
animal contained tubercle bacilli shortly before death. The udder was 
free, but in the pubic glands a few small yellow tubercles were found. 
In a fresh section of liver tissue giant cells were observed, and when 
subsequently sections of hardened tissue were examined numerous 
beginning foci of disease were found, each consisting of one or two 
giant cells embedded in a slight zone of round cells and containing 
tubercle bacilli. 

Generalized infection may thus be recognized by the discovery of 
foci of disease in organs not accessible to the virus in any other way 
than through the circulation, or in the lymph glands of such organs. 
Tuberculosis of the subcutaneous lymph glands and of those situated 
in the muscular tissue of the trunk and limbs is universally accepted 
as indicative of the generalized disease. Such glands may be infected 
from without, but infection through wounds of the skin is probably 
quite rare. 

The terms blood infection and generalized infection are not directly 
synonymous and require further definition. When tubercle bacilli enter 
the portal circulation from the digestive tract, they are carried into the 
liver where they may all be filtered out and fixed. Should they pass 
into the hepatic circulation they may reach the right side of the heart 



115 

and thence be distributed through the lungs. Iu order that they may 
gaiu the general or systemic circulation they must pass through the 
capillaries of the lungs to reach the left side of tbe heart. Hence we 
may have a local infection of the portal circulation, as well as of the 
pulmonary circulation without infection of the blood going to the whole 
body. When tubercle bacilli enter the thoracic duct from diseased 
glands of the abdomen or thorax, they enter the venous system and 
therefore they must first run the gauntlet of the capillary system of the 
lungs before they may enter the general circulation. The condition 
most favorable to infection of the entire body is tuberculosis of the 
lungs with discharge of tubercle bacilli into any branch of the pulmonary 
vein. They will then pass directly to the left side of the heart to be 
distributed over the entire body. Should tuberculous foci break into 
arteries the conditions would be somewhat different and their conse- 
quences easily traced. Their denser coat probably prevents this acci- 
dent from occurring.* 

Generalized infection has been quite frequently observed at German 
abattoirs. Referring to our own cases in Tables I, II, and III, and 
excluding those on Tables IV and V as being mainly selected for their 
suspicious or bad condition, we have among the first lot of 108 animals 
3 cases of generalized infection. f If we take those advanced cases given 
in Tables IV and V, exclusive of D and No. 237, not known to be tuber- 
culous when killed, we have out of 12 cases 4 with generalized disease. 
This bears out the general assumption that, with rare exceptions, 
generalized disease appears late in the course of the disease. 

Generalized infection, both chronic and acute, has received consid- 
erable attention, especially by German authorities, because of its 
important bearing on the infectiousness of meat and milk. Infection 
of the bony and muscular tissue, and more particularly the lymph 
glands embedded in them, is regarded as of sufficient gravity by the 
German meat-inspection authorities to forbid the utilization of the meat 
of such animals, excepting after it has been cooked under the direction 
of these authorities. Since tuberculosis of the bones and muscular 
tissue, or of the glands embedded in them, is possible only after the 
virus of tuberculosis has been transmitted iu the blood, generalized 
infection manifesting itself in any part of the body throws suspicion on 
the meat. 

* The immunity, as it were, of at least the larger arteries, owing to the denser 
structure of their walls, is very well shown in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. 
In this disease the coats of the pulmonary veins embedded in the diseased region 
are frequently penetrated by cell infiltration from the surrounding connective tissue. 
This leads to inflammation of the intima and thrombosis. In the arteries, on the 
other hand, thrombi are not found. 

tThe diagnosis in one of these cases (No. 303, page 32) is based on the presence of 
old tuberculous deposits in the udder (pubic) lymph glands. Inasmuch as the infec- 
tion may have come from without through the udder (although this the writer is not 
inclined to believe), blood infection in this ca,se is somewhat doubtful. 



116 

Generalized infection is furthermore of great importance in its bear- 
ing on the infection of milk. The possibility of udder infection from 
without being conceded, we nevertheless find that most of the udder 
tuberculosis encountered is a result of blood infection. The tubercle 
bacilli are carried from some internal focus by way of the blood 
into the udder. Hence, in all cases of generalized disease, the milk 
should be regarded as dangerous. The difficulty from the practical 
standpoint lies in the recognition of such generalized infection during 
life. With the meat the question is simple enough and resolves itself 
into the thorough inspection of every carcass at the abattoir by a 
trained inspector. With the living animal we have only a few guides, 
such as the condition of the udder (pubic) lymph glands or the 
enlargement of some of the superficial lymph glands, such as those of 
the shoulder and flank. But even these guides are untrustworthy and 
liable to lead to erroneous inference at any time. This question of the 
relation of tuberculosis to the public health is too broad a one to be 
discussed here and it has been referred to simply to call attention to 
the important practical bearing of blood infection in tuberculosis. 

INFECTION OP ANIMALS BY THEIR OWN TUBERCULOUS DISCHARGES 
(AUTO-INFECTION). 

Cattle may become reinfected by their own tuberculous discharges 
and thereby materially hasten the dissemination of the disease in their 
own bodies. Perhaps the most common process of reinfection is the 
swallowing of tubercle bacilli which have been coughed up from some 
disintegrating focus in the lung tissue. Tubercle bacilli coughed up in 
this way frequently produce more or less extensive tuberculosis of the 
bronchial tubes, the trachea, and the larynx. It has already been stated 
that tuberculous lesions of these structures have not been observed 
excepting where the lung tissue itself is involved and the disintegrated 
tissue is breaking into an air tube. The inference that infection of the 
air tubes is secondary to the lung lesion, is, therefore, justifiable. The 
tubercle bacilli coughed up may further infect the tonsils and lymph 
glands of the head and neck. When they are swallowed tuberculosis 
of the digestive tract and the liver may follow as with primary infection 
from without and simulate an infection of the food. 

To what extent such auto-infection actually takes place it is impos- 
sible to estimate, for any infection which has produced lesions within 
the reach of the digestive tract may have come from without as well as 
from the lungs. It is probably of little significance when the discharged 
material from the lungs is slight in amount. When it becomes very 
abundant there may be extensive secondary disease of the intestines, 
as in the case of No. 338 (page 46), in which the Peyer's patches of the 
small intestine were completely infiltrated with tubercles. 



117 

A consideration which complicates any estimate of secondary infec- 
tion is the varying' susceptibility of different organs to infection with 
age. The writer is inclined to the view that the region of the throat 
ami that of the small intestine are more likely to absorb tubercle bacilli 
early in life than later on, while the lungs seem to become with age the 
preferred seat of the disease. The demonstration of this assumption 
is complicated by the fact that calves are more exposed to food infection 
than adult animals, because of the dangers of tubercle bacilli in the 
milk. One point in favor of the increased immunity of the digestive 
tract later in life is indicated by the absence of lesions in those animals 
in which there is manifestly a discharge of tubercle bacilli from the 
lungs. This is borne out by the cases included in Table I, in which 
throat infection and lung infection are usually not associated together. 
The whole subject is a difficult one and not of sufficient economic im- 
portance at the present time to deserve much attention on our part. 
Of more importance is the possible infection of the udder, through the 
teats, from discharges of the same animal, especially the vaginal 
discharges when tuberculosis of the uterus is present. 

HEEEDITY AND TUBEECULOSIS. 

The transmission of the bacillus of tuberculosis from the parents to 
the offspring before birth must be clearly distinguished from the trans- 
mission of certain bodily conditions which favor the multiplication of 
tubercle bacilli after infection. 

The slow insidious progress of this disease in the infected body, its 
apparent disappearance and subsequent reappearance after variable 
periods of time, together with the somewhat peculiar modes of dissem- 
ination of the bacilli within the body have made the investigation of 
this subject unusually difficult. There are some pathologists who claim 
that much of this disease is contracted before birth. The majority of 
authorities are, however, inclined to the view that only very few cases 
are the result of transmission before birth and that infection after birth 
is the rule. 

This subject is of special importance to us, for it is highly desirable 
to know to what extent animals are born with the disease and under 
what circumstances the transmission of the virus before birth is likely 
to take place. A tuberculous calf is more dangerous than a tubercu- 
lous cow, because it may carry foci of disease in the udder even before 
this organ begins to secrete. 

The tubercle bacillus may be conceived of as passing from parent to 
offspring in several ways: 

(1) It may pass in the semen of the male and infect the ovum directly. 

(2) The ovum may be infected by disease of surrounding structures 
(peritoneum, ovaries, Fallopian tubes) in the female. 



118 

(3) The fetus may be infected by the passage of tubercle bacilli from 
the maternal placenta into the fetal circulation. 

As regards the two first-mentioned ways little need be said. As 
shown by A. Gaertner,* the possibility of a direct transmission of tubercle 
bacilli from father to offspring- is so slight that it need hardly be 
taken into consideration. On the other hand, it has been shown by 
(raertner that tubercle bacilli may pass from the mother into the ovum, 
but this mode of infection must likewise be regarded as very rare. 

The infection through the placenta is probably the most frequent 
cause of congenital tuberculosis. It may take place when, in conse- 
quence of generalized tuberculosis of the mother, tubercle bacilli are 
in the circulation and become lodged in the placenta, whence, through 
some ruptured vessel, they may pass into the blood of the fetus. The 
same is perhaps even more likely to occur when the uterus has become 
the seat of tuberculous changes either secondarily or primarily through 
infection. To what extent tuberculosis of this organ must have pro- 
gressed before conception ceases or the fruit fails to mature seems not 
to be known. 

It may be considered as definitely settled by experiment and obser- 
vation that the bacilli may pass from the mother to the fetus under 
certain conditions. The differences of opinion refer merely to the rela- 
tive frequency of its occurrence. Baumgarten claims that with most 
cases of tuberculosis among human beings the disease begins before 
birth and is thus " inherited." Gsertner, t after thoroughly sifting the 
whole subject and enriching it with experiments of his own, comes to 
the conclusion that in the human subject the tubercle bacillus fre- 
quently passes from the mother to the fetus. lie does not, however, 
take the extreme position held by Baumgarten. 

It remains for us to consider how frequently calves are born with 
tuberculosis. Only a small number of cases of congenital tuberculosis 
have been reported. Of these a few deserve mention. 

In 1885 Johnef found tuberculous lesions in the liver, portal glands, 
lungs, and bronchial glands of a fetus 8 months old. The mother 
had been examined at the abattoir and found affected with advanced 
pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Malvoz and Brouwier§ have reported two cases of congenital tuber- 
culosis. In both the glands at the hilus of the liver, the liver tissue 
itself, and the-glands at the hilus of the lungs contained tuberculous 
foci. The lungs themselves were intact. 

Bang || found, in the course of extensive inquiries and personal obser- 



* Ueber die Erblichkeit der Tuberculide. Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, xm (1893), p. 
101-251. 
$Loc. eit. 

X Fortachritte der Medicin, 1885 p. 198. 
§Auual. do l'lnstifrut Pasteur, 1889, p. 189. 
HDeutscbe Zeitscbrift f. Tbermedicin, xvi ( 1890), p. 409. 



119 

vations in Beuinark, that congenital tuberculosis was not such a rare 
occurrence after all. He presents three cases examined by him- 
self. In the first case, a calf born dead, the glands at the hilus of the 
liver contained cheesy-calcareous foci. In the second case, a calf pre- 
sumably 2 days old, the liver, the bronchial, mediastinal, lumbar, and 
perhaps other lymph glands contained cheesy-calcareous deposits. A 
few were found in the lung tissue. In the third case, a calf about 14 
days old, the liver, with portal glands, the lungs, with bronchial and 
mediastinal glands, and one kidney contained tuberculous lesions. 

Lungwitz* found in a fetus about 6 months old tuberculous lesions 
in the lungs, liver, bronchial, mediastinal, mesenteric, and retroperi- 
toneal lymph glands. The dam, about 30 years old, was affected with 
generalized tuberculosis, including tuberculosis of the uterus and pla- 
centa. 

In a second case the dam, but 2 years old, was affected in the same 
way as the first mentioned. The fetus, about 4£ months old, was affected 
with generalized tuberculosis. Lesions were found in the liver, spleen, 
kidneys, lungs, and corresponding lymph glands. The author adds 
that in the Leipsic abattoir, where these cases were encountered, he 
and Rieck had examined in all about 200 fetuses, which came from dis- 
eased cows. The two cases reported were the only ones found. We 
have thus but 1 per cent of transmitted disease in case of 200 pregnant 
animals which failed to pass the inspection owing to advanced gen 
eralized disease. 

Quite recently Barlund t found two cases of congenital disease. Both 
calves were about a week old when killed. 'Calcified as well as fresh 
tubercles were found in the lungs and lymph glands of thorax. 

The occurrence of infection before birth is thus positively established 
by theseacases ; but have we any reason to believe that much of the 
disease of later years is due to the transmission of tubercle bacilli in 
the uterus'? 

The answer to this question must be based mainly on pathological 
data-obtainable by the thorough post-mortem examination of a large 
series -of cases. Animals in which the disease is already well advauced 
are of but little service in the study of this question, since it is impos- 
sible to trace definitely the place in the body where the bacilli first 
began to multiply. The tuberculin tests furnish a considerable number 
of cases in which the disease is in its earlier stages and still restricted 
to one or more primary foci. To these we must look for aid in the 
solution of this problem. 

If we examine such cases carefully we shall find that usually the 
lymph glands of the throat, the lungs, or the intestines are diseased. 
These glands have been described in detail and their mode of infection 
pointed out in a previous chapter. This consists in brief in the passage 

* Archiv. f. wiss. u. prakt. Thierheilkunde, xx (1894), p. 204. 
t Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, xv (1894), p. 498. 



120 

of one or more tubercle bacilli through certain tissues and their lodg- 
ment and multiplication in the lymph glands into which the lymph 
of such tissues drains. This peculiar settling down of tubercle bacilli 
in case of so many infected animals in the glands which receive lymph 
from organs or membranes in direct contact with the outer world (food 
and air) is very good evidence that the tubercle bacilli are carried from 
without inward. If they had been deposited in these glands by means 
of the blood during the fetal period, the question arises why not in 
other glands which after generalized infection appear equally suscep- 
tible to disease? 

In a large number of cases of incipient disease the mediastinal or 
the bronchial glands which receive lymph from the lungs are the only 
diseased organs. Why should the virus localize in these glands by 
preference unless they are the first places of deposit from the air drawn 
into the lungs. 

There«is every reason to believe that most of the tuberculosis of 
cattle is nofrtransinitted at or before birth, but is contracted later on in 
life by contagion. Baumgarten, on the other hand, explains the isolated 
disease of the lymph glands as inherited, because tubercle bacilli, 
according to his views, can not enter the body without leaving some 
disease at the point of entry. This phase of the subject has already 
received some attention on page 108. We can not at present accept 
Bauingarten's theory, and believe that tubercle bacilli, may pass through 
the lungs, for instance, by way of the lymphatics into the lymph glands 
without causing visible disease of the lungs themselves. Bang, * on 
the other hand, is inclined to accept Bauingarten's view and to regard 
disease of the mediastinal glands as a result of congenital disease. 

Not only does the location of the disease as .stated above militate 
against this view, but the occurrence of gland tuberculosis three or more 
years after birth is quite common. Baumgarten would explain this as 
a kind of latency of the virus, but in many cases the disease in full- 
grown animals is still quite fresh. The writer recalls the case of a cow 
7 years old in which the lesion was limited to one of the thoracic glands 
in the youngest stage recognizable. The tubercles were distinct as 
minute granulations, and under the microscope no necrosis could be 
detected. 

If all the cases of tuberculosis of lymph glands were to be accounted 
for as the result of intrauterine infection nearly all bovine tuberculosis 
must be regarded as congenital. 

Since the probability of an intrauterine infection of the posterior 
mediastinal glands is much greater than that of the throat or mesen- 
teric glands, it is worth while to examine for a moment the ways in 
which the pulmonary glands may become infected from this direction. 
It is conceivable that tubercle bacilli may become lodged during intra- 
uterine life in the mediastinal glands by taking the following courses: 



Deutsche Zeitchrif't f. Thiermediciii, XVI (1890), p. 409. 



121 

(1) They may pass from the placenta directly into the right side of 
the heart through the ductus veuosus and. thence to the lungs. Here 
they may become filtered out of the blood and carried in the lymph 
channels into the mediastinal glands. 

(2) They may pass through the liver first, thence through the heart, 
and then follow the course indicated under 1. 

(3) They may pass into the liver, there become filtered out into the 
lymph channels, in which they may be carried through the diaphragm 
into the thoracic glands. 

(4) They may be filtered out of the blood which passes through the 
mediastinal glands. 

Of these channels the last is hardly to be thought of when we bear 
in mind what a minute percentage of the total blood passes through 
the mediastinal glands at any given moment. Why other equally sus- 
ceptible glands should not become affected at the same time seems 
inconceivable. The third channel is so complicated that if it were 
actually followed we should also expect to find tuberculosis of the 
liver and the portal glands. The first and the second seem the most 
direct. As only a small portion of blood does not pass through the 
liver, we might expect to find the liver or its glands (portal) in nearly 
all cases of congenital disease affected together with the pulmonary 
glands. In the cases cited above all but Barlund have reported tuber- 
culous changes in the liver or its glands. In the tuberculosis of adult 
life we find much tuberculosis of the mediastinal glands without corre- 
sponding disease of the liver or its glands, a fact militating against 
the foetal origin of the infection and in favor of inhalation as the real 
channel. 

A further argument against the theory of congenital tuberculosis as 
a prominent factor is that drawn from statistics which demonstrates 
an increase of the number of infected animals with age. Any latency 
of the disease in calves is hardly acceptable, for it seems on the whole 
more rapidly fatal in the young than in the old. 

The only fairly positive case of congenital tuberculosis which the 
writer has encountered is that of a Jersey calf whose history is worth 
recordiug here. The calf was born December 12, 1893. The mother 
was recognized as being ill three months before. Her udder was nor- 
mal. After penning the calf with her and allowing it to take as 
much milk from the dam as it pleased for one month the dam was 
killed. The calf was killed when 4J months old. It was appar- 
ently in good health. The autopsy, however, revealed a case of exten- 
sive generalized tuberculosis. 

Right knee fold gland contains a large caseous focus; left normal. 

Left submaxillary gland contains a minute, entirely gritty focus, tlie right a large 
caseous-calcareous focus. The postinaxillary glands contain a few small foci. 

Extensive tuberculous deposits on the costal and pulmouary pleura and on the 
pericardium. Great enlargement and necrosis of mediastinal and bronchial glands. 

In the lung tissue a small number of recently necrosed foci one-half to three- 
fourths inch in diameter. 



122 

A few tubercles on omentum. The portal glands as large as hen's eggs, completely 
necrotic, with much embedded calcareous matter. In the liver only a few small (one- 
eighth to one-half inch) foci. On the capsule a few flattish excrescences. In the 
spleen some necrotic tubercles one-fourth inch in diameter. One flattish tubercle 
on capsule. 

Renal glands tuberculous. 

Mesenteric glands varying in size up to hen's eggs; completely necrotic, with 
calcareous particles. 

While it is not to be denied that this calf may have contracted the 
disease through the milk, yet the writer is inclined to look upon the 
disease as contracted from the mother before birth, since the extent of 
the disease is hardly explainable in any other way. The writer has also 
seen several other cases of disease in animals not over 2 years old in 
which the generalized infection, with but slight lesions at any one point, 
suggested either congenital disease or infection very early in life. There 
is, to be sure, no positive proof of congenital infection in such cases, but 
the wide dissemination of tuberculous lesions at an early age is very 
suspicious when we bear in mind that tuberculosis becomes generalized 
only after prolonged local disease.* 

Among those who have given this subject considerable attention 
Nocard is inclined to regard congenital disease as uncommon and safely 
left out of account in considering means of prevention. The writer is 
inclined to accept the same view from an independent study of this 
question. The best view to take of this subject is the one suggested by 
Gaertner, that congenital tuberculosis or the transmission of tubercle 
bacilli from the mother to the fetus is but one of the many ways in 
which the virus is disseminated. Circumstances at times may contribute 
to more, at times to less, infection of this kind. There is no doubt that 



* After this article had left the writer's hands a second case of intrauterine infec- 
tion, much more convincing than the one referred to in the text, was dissected. A 
brief description here is justifiable on account of the comparative rarity of such 
cases. 

A cow, about 5 years old (No. 268 in Table V), was hilled in an extremely emaci- 
ated state twenty-one days after giving birth to a calf. The autopsy showed very 
extensive, probably primary, disease of the lungs and pulmonary glands. From the 
lungs the coughed-up tubercle bacilli had recently invaded the retropharyngeal 
and the mesenteric glands. The portal system was also infected. 

The pleura had become involved by contiguity with the lung disease and thence 
the peritoneum had become affected. IJlood infection was indicated by slight dis- 
ease of botli kidneys. 

In the left horn of the uterus an area about 2 to 3 inches square was involved. The 
wall was much thickened and ois section aggregations of tubercles were found in the 
submucous tissue, some with necrotic centers. About six of the cotyledons were 
involved. 

The calf killed at the same time (21 days old) showed unequivocal marks of con- 
genital tuberculosis. The lesions were limited to the liver and its glands, one kid- 
ney and its gland, and two posterior mediastinal glands. The tuberculous masses 
were in all cases necrotic and calcareous centrally. 

It seems that the disease of the uterus in the mother was older than three weeks. 
The calf was probably infected from this focus before birth. 



123 

if tuberculosis should be allowed to iucrease uncontrolled in the future 
as in the past congenital tuberculosis will increase in frequency and thus 
at the very beginning of life lay the foundations for a disease which 
under this form will render the affected animal a great menace to pub- 
lic health as well as a dead loss to agriculture. 

Much has been said and written concerning the inheritance of a cer- 
tain combination of bodily characters which increase the chances of 
the subject to contract the disease when exposed to it or which tend 
to a more rapid course of the disease after it has once gotten a foothold 
in the body. It is an exceedingly difficult subject to discuss, because 
we know little or nothing definite about it. Theoretically there seems 
to be no reason why some animals or breeds should not be more sus- 
ceptible than others, but the conditions under which observations can 
be made to prove or disprove this theory are complex and likely to 
bring out erroneous conclusions. The element of contagion is such a 
prominent factor at all times that individual or racial susceptibility 
can not be studied satisfactorily until it can be successfully controlled. 
Inherited susceptibility is also not separable from acquired suscepti- 
bility due to depressing environment and unsuitable food. 

A more satisfactory method of approaching the subject would be the 
experimental inoculation of individuals from different breeds, chosen as 
nearly alike as possible, and a careful study of the progress of the 
induced disease. Such experiments, though expensive both as to time 
and money, might throw more light on the subject of tissue immunity 
than prolonged observation of the disease as acquired naturally. If, 
however, the disease can be controlled by weeding out all tuberculous 
animals from a herd at certain regular intervals and thus removing 
the element of contagion entirely, the question of heredity of disposi- 
tion will no longer be of any practical importance, for there can be no 
tubercles without the tubercle bacillus. 

THE DIFIEEENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF TUBEECULOUS LESIONS. 

In the recognition of tuberculosis at the post-mortem examination 
errors may be made in two directions: Certain alterations in the tis- 
sues which are tuberculous in character may be overlooked and certain 
changes may be pronounced tuberculous which are due to other causes'. 

The peculiar tissue reaction which leads to the formation of minute 
tubercles, their coalescence, and the subsequent caseation or calcifica- 
tion of the mass of new tissue formed thereby, needs not be seen fre- 
quently by a trained eye before their characteristics are firmly impressed 
on the mind. There is, furthermore, the constantly recurring affection 
of the lymph glands either with or without disease of the vital organs 
which belongs to no other disease of cattle. 

It may, however, occur now and then that the disease process is so 
recent that the changes induced are too slight to be detected by the 



124 

naked eye. The earliest visible manifestations in the lymph glands 
are seen on the cut surface as whitish patches, having, when viewed in 
a good light, a slightly granular appearance. Simple hyperplasia of 
the lymph glands in which the follicles appear on the cut surface as 
smooth, whitish, slightly elevated, round patches must be carefully dis- 
tinguished from early tuberculous lesions. This hyperplasia is simply 
an increase in the number of lymph cells composing the follicle, and is 
especially conspicuous in young animals. In these the glands lack the 
pigment markings which appear later on in life, and the uniformly whit- 
ish appearance of the cut surface may erroneously suggest tuberculosis. 
It is not to be denied that the beginnings of tuberculosis may now and 
then lurk in these follicles, but after somewhat extensive examination 
of sections of such regions and a uniformly negative outcome, the writer 
is inclined to believe that they may safely be passed over. 

Mistakes are more likely to occur by confusing lesions due to other 
bacteria, to parasites, and to traumatism with those of tuberculosis, 
unless a certain amount of caution and reserve is exercised and the aid 
of the microscope or of those especially trained is iuvoked. 

Bacterial lesions, which resemble tubercles closely and which go to 
make up the pathological condition known as pseudo-tuberculosis, have 
been found among sheep and smaller animals, but not among cattle. 
A general review of this subject will be found in Bulletin JSTo. C of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry (pp. 87-95), to which the reader is referred. 

Forms of broncho-pneumonia may now and then simulate tuberculo- 
sis of the lungs, but the characteristic distribution, as described on page 
91, will generally assist in making a prompt diagnosis. One of these 
forms of pneumonia has been described by Kitt* who found in sections 
of the lung tissue masses of a specific bacillus. The various cases of 
broncho-pneumonia examined by the writer were so readily distinguish- 
able from tuberculosis that any remarks would be superfluous. Among 
the more common as well as more perplexing lesions frequently found 
in cattle, those due to entozoa stand first and deserve a more detailed 
description. 

WORM NODULES IN THE SMALL INTESTINE. 

• These have been looked upon as the result of true tuberculosis in sev- 
eral cases which have come to the writer's notice. They are very com- 
mon in the region about Washington. The writer has also seen them 
in New York. In tissues from cattle slaughtered at Chicago they were 
likewise recognized. It is highly probable that they are widely dissemi- 
nated in our country.t 

* Eine bacillilre Pneumonic beita Rinde. Monatshefte f'iir praktische Tkierheil- 
kunde, i (1890), p. 145. 

tTbey have been noticed by Dr. A ran go in Colombian (South American) cattle. — 
The Veterinary Journal, 1894, i». 105. 



125 

They may be readily seen by the naked eye, but their relative abund- 
ance is more easily determined by passing the intestine either slit open 
or still uncut through the hands. The intestinal wall then feels as if 
beset with shot-like bodies. When the tube is slit open, the mucous 
membrane appears elevated by small hemispherical tumors varying in 
size from barely visible nodules to bodies as large as peas or even larger. 
These tumors are, as a rule, isolated. Earely several are close together. 
Only in very extensive infection of sheep are they frequently so abund- 
ant as to form by their aggregations large elevated patches or beds. 
They are not all of the same size in the same animal, but vary as stated. 
If we examine these projections more closely we shall find that in all 
but the smallest ones the center appears opaque and yellowish. This 
yellow nucleus is more or less irregular in outline. The mucous mem- 
brane covering them is unharmed except as to the presence of a little 
depression on the summit of the nodule, which is probably the point of 
exit of the once encysted worm. This opening may be in the center of 
a bluish spot, probably the debris of a hemorrhage, caused by the out- 
ward-moving worm. In the larger nodules a slight pressure forces from 
this minute opening some of the softened contents of the cyst. 

The situation of the nodules is in the submucous tissue. The mucous 
membrane may be scraped away and leave the nodule intact. When a 
small one is teased out of its surroundings and crushed between two 
slides the parasitic worm, about 1 mm. (^ inch) long and almost invisi- 
ble to the unaided eye, maybe detected in some casfs. The larger the 
nodule is the less likely the search for the worm will be successful. 

The larger tumors, usually about one-fourth inch in diameter, consist 
of a thin, smooth capsule containing putty-like substance of a yellowish 
or greenish- yellow color, easily removed. In very old tumors the thin 
capsule may inclose a calcined mass of veiy irregular surface. 

In some cases most of these intestinal tumors have a decided bluish 
color. This is probably due to some former hemorrhage, as suggested 
above. 

These tumors may be distinguished from true tubercles in a variety 
of ways. In the first place, tuberculosis of the mucous membrane of 
the intestines is quite rare. The writer has seen but one case in 150 
tuberculous animals. In this the Peyer's patches were involved.* 
Infection by way of the intestines shows itself mainly in tbe mesenteric 
glands. Any affection of the mucous membrane without disease of 
these glands must be looked upon with suspicion. This worm affec- 
tion is, furthermore, very common in certain regions, and usually affects 
all animals alike. 

The character of the worm tubercle is quite different from that of the 
true tubercle. Setting aside the recognition of the worm, which is pos- 
sible only in young tumors, we have sufficient points of difference to 
make a diagnosis with the naked eye possible in most if not in all 

"See autopsy notes of No. 338, p. 46. 



126 

cases. The contents of tlie worm tubercle is made up of leucocytes 
entirely, whereas the brittle, cheesy contents of the true tubercle is 
usually a mass of granular and fatty detritus. With the true tubercle 
there is usually more or less change in the immediate surroundings of 
the tubercle. The wall is infiltrated and thickened and shades both 
outwards and inwards. Smaller tubercles are also frequently found in 
the tissue around the large f ;cus. In the worm tubercle the capsule is 
thin, sharply denned, and quite independent of the contents, which are 
easily removed. Finally, the characteristic histological structure of 
true tubercles enables us to decide with the aid of the microscope 
should other simpler means fail. 

OTHER LESIONS SIMULATING THOSE OF TUBERCULOSIS. 

Parasitic lesions of the mesenteric glands are not uncommon in the 
region about Washington. How widely distributed they may be the 
writer is unable to state from present information. They simulate the 
lesions of tuberculosis, but are as a rule distinguishable from them on 
close scrutiny. They resemble somewhat those of the intestinal walls, 
and the writer was inclined to consider them caused by the same para- 
site when in the spring of 1893 their true cause was revealed to us. At 
that time Dr. E. C. Schroeder, in assisting the writer at autopsies of 
the Soldiers' Home herd, was cutting open the mesenteric glands sys- 
tematically in search for tuberculosis. He noticed a small parasite 
quickly crawling out of some cavities exposed by the knife. A close, 
naked-eye examination showed the characters of Linguatula (Pentasto- 
mum) tivnioides. The material was handed over to Dr. Stiles, zoologist, 
for further study. 

The cavities made by these organisms are at first mere excavations 
of the gland tissue and are filled with a blackish mass made up of the 
pigmented debris of the gland tissue. In later stages they become 
filled ur> with a cheesy matter which finally becomes calcified. Tbey 
vary in shape and size, and rarely exceed one-fourth inch in diameter. 
They are separated from the gland tissue by a thin capsule. This is 
completely filled with the cheesy matter, which is entirely homogeneous, 
greenish in color, and putty-like in consistency. In this stage the mass 
is shown to be made up entirely of leucocytes. 

The later stage is characterized by the calcification of the contents 
into a stone of irregular surface crushed only when considerable force 
is used. The stone is easily pulled out of its capsule, which it fills 
completely. These hard masses are frequently situated directly under 
the cortex and sometimes project above the gland surface. 

These gland nodules are thus readily distinguished from true tuber- 
cles by their contents. In the latter the necrosis is not uniform, and 
the resulting caseous mass occupies only a portion of the neoplasm and 
shades into the peripheral, still firm and organized zone of the tubercle. 



127 

The contents are therefore not removable in toto, except after com- 
plete softening and circumscription of the tuberculous process. The 
cheesy mass is, moreover, mainly fatty and granular debris. With 
true tuberculosis an extension of the process is usually noticeable; with 
worm tubercles this is not the case, the capsule is directly contiguous 
with healthy gland tissue, and all evidence of encroaching infiltration is 
absent. 

Isolated tubercle-like lesions are found occasionally under the cortex 
of the liver, which are probably of parasitic origin. Unless tubercu- 
losis has been plainly recognized in the glands at the hilus or elsewhere 
in the body, the diagnosis should be left open until such nodules Lave 
been examined under the microscope. 

Yellow patches, due to fatty degeneration, may appear on the margin 
of the liver, probable as a result of embolism. Though they resemble 
more or less closely the necrotic patches of the tuberculous liver in 
guinea pigs, they contain no traces of the tuberculous process. In 
ger eral tuberculous foci in the liver of cattle are roundish and provided 
with a thick, dense, connective tissue wall. 

The importance of a correct diagnosis of tuberculosis of the udder 
makes it imperative that mistakes be avoided in determining the nature 
of any abnormal appearances on post-mortem examination. It is essen- 
tial that statistics of udder tuberculosis be accurate, for it is upon them 
that the future action of sanitarians will be largely based in dealing 
with this disease. It is highly probable that udder tuberculosis when- 
ever encountered will be generally recognized as such. It is equally 
probable that other changes may now and then be called tuberculosis. 
In this connection attention should be called to the aberrant appear- 
ances occasionally presented by the freshly-cut surface of udder tissue. 
The usual pinkish surface is, in some cases, variegated by patches of 
yellow representing foci of intense fatty changes. In portions which 
have lost the power to secrete the increase of connective tissue com- 
presses the lobules and gives the cut surface a granular appearance 
which might be mistaken for tubercular infiltration. Very deceptive 
are certain yellow nodules which project above the cut surface. They 
are lobules distended with fat and have the normally soft consistency 
of udder tissue. In any case of suspected udder tuberculosis the 
tubercle bacilli should be demonstrated, or else the histological struc- 
ture of tubercle determined in sections of hardened tissue. 

Another set of deceptive lesions frequently encountered at autopsies 
of cattle are those due to the action of foreign bodies swallowed with 
the food. The frequency with which this is observed and the exten- 
sive, often fatal, injuries which are induced thereby, ought to impress 
cattle-owners with the necessity of carefully protecting their herds from 
such calamities. 

The lesions due to foreign bodies are usually situated on the second 
^stomach ^reticulum') in the form of enlargements or tumors, varying in 



128 

size up to an orange. The smaller ones have an almost cartilaginous 
hardness, and when incised a small amount of creamy pus is found in 
the center. In the larger ones the capsule is equally dense but not so 
thick relatively. They also contain the homogeneous creamy pus, which 
usually has a penetrating but not offensive odor. 

These abscesses are associated with more or less increase in the con- 
nective tissue and the binding down of the ventral or narrower end of 
the liver to the diaphragm. This condition is so common that the writer 
has seen very few older cows without attachments of theJiver to the stom- 
ach. The situation of the abscesses described, their consistency and 
contents are sufficiently characteristic to prevent any errors of diag- 
nosis, if attention has been once called to them. 

Foreign bodies not infrequently work their way into the thoracic 
cavity where they may produce abscesses in the lung tissue. These are 
readily distinguishable from softened tuberculous foci by their relation 
to adhesions of tbe lungs to the diaphragm and subphrenic lesions. Such 
abscesses are also associated with hyperplasia of the interlobular tissue 
of the surrounding lung tissue and firm red hepatization of the latter. 
Cavities due to tuberculosis are as a rule surrounded by a zone of 
easily recognizable fresher tubercle eruptions, which at once place the 
nature of the cavity beyond doubt. 



SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THE SUPPRESSION AND PREVENTION OP 
TUBERCULOSIS. 



By Theobald Smith. 



In endeavoring to seek appropriate means for the suppression of this 
disease, we find ourselves confronted with conditions quite different 
from those obtaining for most other infectious diseases. These condi- 
tions are in brief as follows: 

(1) The present wide dissemination of the disease, no territory being 
absolutely free from it. 

(2) The large percentage of infected cattle which are in the earliest 
stages of the disease, or in which the lesions are insignificant, station- 
ary, or healed. 

(3) The absence of disturbances of health for considerable periods of 
time after infection. 

(4) The possible transmission of tubercle bacilli from cattle to man, 
more particularly in the milk. 

Nearly all of these peculiarities have their source in the slowly and 
insidiously progressive nature of the affection which prolongs the 
duration of the disease from days to months and years. It is this 
character which makes the complete eradication of bovine tuberculosis 
a work of huge proportions, involving serious financial sacrifices. 

In the following pages the subject of prevention is dealt with as it 
may be applied by the individual stock-owner, since this disease, more 
than any other, needs the combined efforts of individuals for its restric- 
tion. It makes the greatest havoc in the herd in which it exists, and 
rarely travels to other herds, excepting in the diseased animal which is 
purchased or exchanged. It is, in fact, possible for each herd-owner to 
protect himself quite successfully from outside infection, as is shown in 
the following pages which treat of the contagiousness of the disease, 
the removal of affected cattle, and some general sanitary measures. 

THE CONTAGIOUSNESS OF THE DISEASE 

Is linked to the tubercle bacillus. Without it, tuberculosis can not 
develop. Hence, our knowledge of the transmission of the disease is 
derived largely from what we know of the life history of the tubercle 
bacillus within and without the animal body. 

129 
2891— No. 7 9 



130 

We liave seen in the foregoing - chapters that tubercle bacilli may pass 
from the diseased animals in one or more of the following ways: 

(1) In discharges from mouth and nose in case of advanced lung dis- 
ease, or of disintegration of enlarged throat glands. (Disintegrated 
parotid, postmaxillary, and submaxillary glands may discharge exter- 
nally.) 

(2) In discharges from bowels in advanced stages. 

(3) In discharges from vagina in case of tuberculosis of the uterus. 
(I) In milk when the udder is tuberculous or the disease generalized. 
(5) From the mother to the fetus in case of tuberculosis of the uterus 

or advanced generalized disease. 

We have also seen from investigations of others and of our own that 
infection of cattle occurs in the following ways: 

(1) Fully nine-tenths of all diseased animals have been infected by 
inhaling the tubercle bacilli, dried and suspended in the air. 

(2) Fully one-half of all diseased animals have been infected by tak- 
ing tubercle bacilli into the body with the food. Frequently both food 
and air infection are recognizable in the. same animal. 

(3) Animals are infected, though rarely, during copulation. In such 
cases the disease starts in the uterus and its lymph glands or in the 
sexual organs and corresponding lymph glands of the bull. 

(4) Perhaps from 1 to 2 per cent of all calves are born tuberculous. 
We may define the dangers of infection somewhat more definitely by 

the statement that in any herd, even in those extensively infected, only 
a small percentage of the diseased animals, namely, those which are 
in an advanced stage, or such as have the disease localized from the 
very beginning in the udder, or the uterus, or the lungs, are actively 
shedding tubercle bacilli. It is these that are doing most, if not all, of 
the damage by scattering broadcast the virus. 

Disease of the udder is particularly dangerous, because the milk at 
first appears normal for some weeks and therefore would be used with 
impunity. Moreover, the tubercle bacilli in the diseased gland tissue 
are unusually numerous.* 

The owners of cattle should thus pay special attention to the condi- 
tion of the udders. Any which are found to increase slowly in size 
without any indication of inflammatory processes recognizable by the 
presence of heat, pain, and redness, and which become very firm with- 
out showing at first any alteration in the appearance of the milk, should 
be promptly segregated and the entire milk rejected until a diagnosis 
can be made by a veterinarian. 

Similarly in tuberculosis of the uterus the vaginal discharge may 
contain many tubercle bacilli. This, deposited anywhere, may lead to 
the extensive dissemination of the virus, or it may be carried by the 

* This fact, mentioned by Bang, the writer has had the opportunity to confirm in 
case of two tuberculous udders examined recently. 



131 

bull to other cows. A diagnosis may be made by the examination of 
the discharge for tubercle bacilli. 

The foregoing statements apply to individual herds only. To what 
extent does the danger extend beyond the diseased herd to others in the 
neighborhood? To this we may give the general answer that there is 
no danger unless the animals mingle on the pasture or in the stable. 
Tubercle bacilli are not carried in the open air, or if they are, their 
numbers are so small that the danger of infection is practically absent. 

It is also highly doubtful whether they are ever carried in sufficient 
numbers by third parties from place to place to become in any sense a 
danger. The reasons for this must be sought for in the tubercle bacil- 
lus itself. The diseased cow is the only manufacturer of tubercle bacilli* 
as well as the chief disseminator. Tubercle bacilli after having left the 
body of the cow (and usually in small number) do notincreasein numbers 
in nature but suffer a steady decrease and final extermination s in four 
to six months at the longest. Only after they have entered the 
bodies of susceptible animals do they again begin to multiply. Hence 
with this disease the only danger to other herds lies in direct contact, 
or in the transfer of a diseased animal or of milk from such an animal. 
The greatest danger exists in the immediate surroundings of the in- 
fected and loses itself as the distance increases. 

REMOVAL OF DISEASED ANIMALS. 

In order that any infectious disease may be effectually controlled it 
becomes of the utmost importance to recognize in the living animal not 
only advanced stages but even the slightest infection. This essential 
requirement seems to have been found in tuberculin. In the first 
article of this bulletin (pp. 7 to 74) the reader will find a detailed state- 
ment of its uses. The writer wishes to add here only a few remarks 
from a pathological point of view. Extensive use of tuberculin in 
Europe and in this country has shown that in a certain percentage of 
healthy animals a high reaction may follow the injection of tuberculin. 
On the other hand a small percentage of animals which fail to react 
show tuberculous lesions at the autopsy. How are we to interpret 
these inconsistencies'? 

Nocard, a prominent French authority, t is moved to state that an 
elevation of temperature of 2 or more degrees Fahrenheit after the 
injection of tuberculin invariably means infection, and that if lesions 
are not found at the autopsy this has been badly performed. Most 
German authorities are not inclined to accept the infallibility of tuber- 
culin. The writer sides with the latter, for he has failed to detect dis- 
ease after hours of searching in some cases. In several others which 

''Other domestic animals may now and then be tuberculous, but this danger is 
hardly worth considering at present. 

tCongres pour l'etude de la tuberculose chez l'homme et chez les animaux, 1894, 
p. 22. 



132 

gave no reaction the lesions, though slight, were as marked, as in others 
in which a high fever reaction had been obtained.* 

It is not to be denied that in the one class of cases the lesions may 
be so slight, the changes so recent, that they escape attention, and that 
in the other class the lesions, which are usually quite restricted, are 
undergoing a healing process. However, we have not yet reached that 
stage of information which will permit us to explain satisfactorily these 
discrepancies, and hence we can not as yet unqualifiedly accept the 
infallible action of tuberculin, and we must content ourselves with the 
statement that it is a diagnostic agent of very high power. 

Accepting the great value of tuberculin in revealing tuberculosis not 
recognizable by any other means during the life of the animal we are 
confronted by the necessity of segregating those animals which have 
reacted with a high temperature and either curing or slaughtering 
them. 

The cure of tuberculosis with tuberculin has been attempted by a 
small number of observers. Frequent injections of small doses into 
guinea pigs were made by Pfuhl i and by Kitasato| with the result that 
while the disease was greatly prolonged in some animals a cure was not 
attained. Others have attempted to heal experimental tuberculosis of 
the eye in rabbits. The most prolonged observations made by Trudeau§ 
in this country have shown that while a cure may be apparently 
brought about a relapse is likely to occur at any time. With cattle 
the case is somewhat different. If tuberculin could be made to point 
out those numerous cases in which the disease is restricted to one or 
more small foci in the lymph glands a course of treatment with injec- 
tions of tuberculin might be successful in stimulating the body to a 
speedy healing of these foci. But in selecting tuberculous animals 
with tuberculin it is quite impossible to discover how much disease is 
present. To treat any but the most incipient cases would be worse 
than useless. The same objection would hold for any other remedy 
likely to be introduced. The treatment of this disease is not to be rec- 
ommended, therefore, and other means of disposal must be sought. 

Nocardj || in view of the fact that many animals which give a marked 
tuberculin reaction have only insignificant lesions in the body, recom- 
mends that all such as give a distinct reaction be rigorously quarantined 
from the rest of the herd. The healthy animals should be placed in 
thoroughly disinfected stables and new animals admitted only after 
they have successfully passed the tuberculin test. He further recom- 
mends the prompt fattening for slaughter of the infected animals which 
are in good condition. The lesions will be so slight, he adds, that no 

*See Nos. 319, 322, 334, 360, pp. 39 to 56, and D, Table IV. 
t Zeitschrift f. Hygiene, XI, p. 241. 

I Zeitschrift f. Hygiene, xn, p. 321. 

§ Trans, of the Association of Anier. Physicians, 1893, 1894. 

II Loc. cit. 



133 

inspector dare demand the seizure of the meat at the abattoirs. Dur : 
ing the fattening they may be used as before the test. The preventive 
measures recommended by him thus comprise the tuberculin test with 
segregation of the infected animals. These must not be used for breed- 
ing nor must they be sold, exchanged, or given away. The owner can 
only give them up to the butcher. 

If we accept Nocard's view of the infallible action of tuberculin his 
suggestions require no amendment. We are not inclined to accept it 
at present, however. Hence it is essential that the tuberculin test be 
repeated not later than after an interval of six months, so that it may 
reveal any cases not detected at the first test. Future repetitions are 
equally important, as the disease germs may possibly be introduced 
later on by tuberculous human beings, or by tuberculous cats, dogs, and 
other domesticated animals. 

In the absence of the tuberculin test or of organized official inspec- 
tion, the stock owner should carefully and promptly remove from his 
herd and have destroyed : 

(1) All animals which show emaciation with coughing and any sus- 
picious discharges from the nose.* 

(2) Those animals with enlarged, prominent glands about the head 
(in front of the ears, under and behind the lower jaw), or enlarged 
glands in front of the shoulder, in the flank, and behind the udder. 

(3) Animals with suspected tuberculosis of uterus and udder. 

GENERAL SANITARY MEASURES. 

It will probably require more or less time before the use of tuber- 
culin will have become generally established. Hence preventive meas- 
ures of a general character must still be kept in view for some time to 
come. These measures partly suffer shipwreck from the fact that it is 
often difficult to recognize even advanced disease during life. Still, 
much can be done to reduce the amount of infection by following out 
certain general and specific suggestions which the renewed study of 
the disease has either originated or else placed on a more substantial 
basis. 

Perhaps the most important preliminary suggestion 'to be made is 
that the owner of cattle should endeavor to familiarize himself as much 
as possible with the general nature of tuberculosis, its cause, the ways 
in which the virus may leave the body of the sick and enter that of the 
well, and, lastly, the ways in which it spreads within the body. He will 
by the acquisition of such fundamental knowledge lift himself above 
the plane where quackery and specifics abound, and understand pre- 

* Now and then emaciation is due to other causes, such as the presence of foreign 
bodies in the chest, parenchymatous disease of liver and kidneys, chronic broncho- 
pneumonia, etc. Animals affected with these diseases are of no permanent value, 
and their destruction is, in the end, an actual saving, since such maladies are not 
curable. 



134 

cisely what to expect after the disease has entered his herd and how 
to meet the demands of public health. He should, moreover, make 
himself acquainted with the peculiar appearance of tuberculous growths 
in the body and open every animal that dies, so that he may know to 
what extent his animals are dying of this malady. Wherever possible 
the services of a skilled veterinarian should be made use of. Sanitary 
precautions should begin with the removal of diseased and suspected 
animals, as stated above. This is the most essential requirement, for 
diseased animals are the only breeding places of the specific virus. 

After the removal of these, attention should be paid, first of all, to 
the stables. Here during the long confinement in the winter months 
we may look for most of the inhalation disease so common in tuber- 
culous cattle. Even when only a few cases of tuberculosis have been 
found the stables should be disinfected by removal of all dirt and the 
subsequent application of disinfectants. Since tubercle bacilli are 
more resistant than most other disease germs the strength of the dis- 
infecting solution must not be less than as given. The following sub- 
stances may be used : 

(a) Corrosive sublimate (mercuric chloride), 1 ounce in about 8 gal- 
lons of water (one-tenth per cent;. The water should be kept in wooden 
tubs or barrels and the sublimate added to it. The whole must be 
allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, so as to give the sublimate an 
opportunity to become entirely dissolved. Since this solution is poison- 
ous it should be kept covered up and well guarded. It may be applied 
with a broom or mop and used freely in all parts of the stable. Since 
it loses its virtue in x>roportion to the amount of dirt present, all manure 
and other dirt should be first removed and the stables well cleaned 
before applying the disinfectant. After it has been applied the stable 
should be kept vacant as long as possible. Before the animals are 
allowed to return it is best to flush those parts which the animals may 
reach with their tongues to remove any remaining poison. 

(b) Chloride of lime, 5 ounces to a gallon of water (4 per cent). This 
should be applied in the same way. 

(c) The following disinfectant is very serviceable. It is not poisonous, 
but quite corrosive, and care should be taken to protect the eyes and 
hands from accidental splashing: 

Crude carbolic acid.: I gallon. 

Crude sulphuric acid | gallon. 

These two substances should be mixed in tubs or glass vessels. The 
sulphuric acid is very slowly added to the carbolic acid. During the 
mixing a large amount of heat is developed. The disinfecting power 
of the mixture is heightened if the amount of heat is kept down 
by placing the tub or glass demijohn containing the carbolic acid in cold 
water while the sulphuric acid is being added. The resulting mixture 
is added to water in the ration of 1 to 20. One gallon of mixed acids 
will thus furnish 20 gallons of a strongly disinfectant solution having 
a slightly milky appearance. 



135 

(d) Whitewash is not iu itself of sufficient strength to destroy tuber- 
cle bacilli, but by imprisoning and incrusting thein on the walls of 
stables they are made harmless until destroyed by prolonged drying. 
Whitewashing should be preceded by thorough cleansing. 

Particular attention should be paid to the sides and ceiling of 
stable. All dust and cobwebs should be periodically washed down. 
Those parts coming in contact with the heads of cattle, stanchions, 
halters, troughs, etc., should be frequently cleansed and disinfected, 
even when they have not been used by avowedly diseased cattle. 

The removal of virus from the stables should furthermore be pro- 
moted by the prompt removal of manure and by abundant ventilation. 
Good air has the effect of diluting infected air and thereby reducing 
the chance of inhaling dried, floating tubercle bacilli, or at least of 
reducing the number to be inhaled. It likewise improves the vigor of 
the confined animals and hence increases the resistance to infection. 

Cattle should not be placed so that their heads are close together; 
each animal should have plenty of room,* and occupy the same place in 
the stable at all times. These precautions will prevent the nasal, lung, 
or vaginal discharges of one animal from striking the head or soiling 
the feed of another. It is true that it is impossible to prevent animals 
licking each other, but it should be remembered that prevention must 
begin with the removal of all cases which are suspected of discharging 
tubercle bacilli. Stables should, furthermore, be carefully protected 
from the expectorations of human beings affected with tuberculosis of 
the lungs. 

Cattle should be housed as little as possible. The pasture has the 
effect of greatly reducing the chances of infection by a more or less 
rapid destruction of the virus, as well as by increasing the vigor of the 
animals through muscular exertion in fresh air. To what extent ani- 
mals may pick up the virus on fields it would be difficult to estimate. 
That it is perfectly possible can not be gainsaid. A tuberculous animal 
may soil the ground over which it passes, and other animals may take 
up the virus with the food soon after. 

It is not likely that the virus remains alive long enough on the ground 
to become dried and ready for inhalation. The action of sunlight, the 
alternate wetting and drying which goes on in nature, may be looked 
upon as destructive agents. Even if the tubercle bacilli became speed- 
ily dried, the great diluting effect of the open air would reduce to a 
minimum the chances of inhaling the virus.t 

Among the other dangers to caution against is the infection of food 
and water. Drinking troughs should be so arranged that the surface 

*Each cow should have at least 600 cubic feet of air space. 

tlf infection takes place in the open air, it would probably be food infection. 
Observers in making autopsies of cattle living chiefly out of doors should pay par- 
ticular attention to the primary focus of infection, in order that some positive infor- 
mation on this important subject may be obtained. 



136 

water is constantly flowing away. Discharges from the nose or mouth 
left floating on the surface may be drawn in by healthy cattle while 
drinking. Each person must, in such cases, use his own judgment 
and ingenuity to prevent infection in accordance with the quantity of 
water at his disposal. 

To restrict the dissemination of the disease among young stock, 
the safest plan is to bring skimmed milk and other dairy products to 
the boiling point before feeding them. If the cows are positively known 
to be healthful this may be unnecessary, but where any doubt exists 
the heating should be resorted to. Such a precaution will, further- 
more, reduce scouring among calves, which is probably due, in a great 
measure, to bacteria in the food. 

In presenting the foregoing suggestions, the writer has endeavored 
to keep in view two conditions: (1) That in which tuberculin is not 
within reach and only unusual watchfulness can be exercised in sepa- 
rating suspected animals from the healthy, and (2) that in which tubercu- 
lin is tried, but with the view that it is not wholly infallible and requires 
to be seconded with other precautionary measures. If tuberculin is 
infallible most of the suggestions made fall to the ground as unneces- 
sary unless the disease can be readily reintroduced by man or diseased 
animals of other species — a possibility of wholly unknown dimensions 
at present. 

These suggestions might be criticised because they tacitly assume that 
a herd can live and thrive even when tuberculosis is present. This 
criticism may be answered by the fact, experimentally demonstrable, 
that the introduction, into the body of the very susceptible guinea pig, 
of different numbers of tubercle bacilli is followed by a rapidly or a 
very slowly progressive disease, according to the quantity of virus. 
Hence, if, even where tuberculosis is present and not recognizable, all 
precautions are taken to reduce in every possible way the number of 
tubercle bacilli in the air, the food, and the milk, it is evident that if the 
experimental data are accurate, the amount and intensity of disease 
may be reduced and possibly the unavoidable, slight infections become 
healed. It is not the purpose of the writer to make the neglect of the 
tuberculin test justifiable, but it is evident that, with the present great 
prevalence of tuberculosis, all means must be resorted to to keep the 
disease from making still further inroads. The more conservative such 
means the more likely are they to find favor. The amount of disease to 
be combated, the large financial resources required by more radical 
measures, makes it probable that the measures suggested will have to 
be kept in operation for an indefinite time to come. 

The study of tuberculosis, though prosecuted for many years, has still 
many problems of prevention to solve, especially those which pertain to 
the conditions underlying predisposition. Is the breed or descent of the 
animal of much importance, or isit the conditions under which each ani- 
mal is compelled tolive which determine the readiness with which the dis- 



137 

ease destroys the body 1 These are vital questions, and their answer must 
have an important modifying influence on the future success of dairying 
and stock-raising. As we are now entering upon an era of suppression 
of this disease, it should be borne in mind that radical measures are 
the best to begin with, and that after the disease has been weeded out 
of each large herd by tuberculin one or more times such herd becomes, 
in a sense, an experiment in the prevention of this disease, with the 
element of contagion presumably completely eliminated. The future 
will then decide how much is to be feared from the lapses of tuber- 
culin, from sources of the virus outside of the bovine species, and from 
heredity, breed, and environment as predisposing agents. 

TUBERCULOSIS AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH. 

Much of the difficulty which arises when radical measures for the 
suppression of this disease are discussed is the economic value of the 
products of cattle, the meat and the milk. The somewhat heterogeneous 
views prevailing in this country concerning the use of the flesh of ani- 
mals having but trifling tuberculous lesions are offset by the pretty 
definite attitude of European authorities, who claim that the meat from 
incipient cases of tuberculosis is entirely fit for food. This attitude 
enables IsTocard in his recommendations to suggest the prompt fatten- 
ing of all infected animals for the butcher. This difficulty has been 
solved temporarily in this country by turning the flesh of cattle which 
gave a reaction after the tuberculin test, even when the lesions were 
insignificant, into fertilizers. How far such destruction of food is 
called for in the interests of sanitation and sentiment is a question which 
must be left for future discussion and the wealth of the country to 
settle. 

The use of the milk from infected animals is a question difficult to 
deal with when we consider on the one hand the clamors of public 
health and on the other those of the dairyman who finds it temporarily 
impossible to maintain his business if a large number of animals are at 
once withdrawn from his herd. It will be observed that ISTocard does 
not forbid the use of the milk of incipient cases. Here also he avoids 
the stumbling block of reform in dairy matters by not making restric- 
tions unnecessarily severe. 

In order to obtain more information on the presence of tubercle 
bacilli in milk the work reported by Dr. Schroeder on pages 75 to 87 was 
undertaken as a continuation of former investigations already pub- 
lished in Bulletin No. 3. These investigations, so far as they refer to 
single animals, confirm those of all former observers, that the milk of 
tuberculous animals is not so frequently infected as has been supposed. 
It may be laid clown as a general rule that the milk of animals in the 
earliest stages of tuberculosis and with perfect udders does not contain 
tubercle bacilli. Only such as show signs of labored breathing and 
of emaciation, such as have enlarged external glands, or some difficulty 



138 

with the udder or the uterus,* should be looked upon with grave suspi- 
cion and their milk excluded at once from sale. If these extenuating 
circumstances be borne in mind by the public health officials much hard- 
ship may be now and then avoided and the work of extermination of the 
disease be carried on more smoothly and more effectually in the end. 

Another phase of this question which should not be overlooked is 
the relative danger of the air of cow stables to human beings. If more 
than three-fourths of all tuberculous cattle have been infected through 
the air of cow stables why is not the air of stables equally dangerous 
to human beings frequenting them? It would certainly be of interest 
for public health officers to look into this matter more closely. 



TABLES SHOWING THE DISTKIBUTION OP TUBEKCULOUS LESIONS IN 
THE BODY OF INFECTED CATTLE. 

In the following pages an attempt has been made to tabulate the 
lesions as found in tuberculous cattle during the past two years, in order 
that the reader may see at a glance the extent of the lesions, their loca- 
tion, and the probable manner of infection. 

The preponderance of air over food infection in the Washington herd 
is well shown in Table I. In Table II the conditions are different. 
Food infection played a prominent part in this herd, as shown by the 
frequency with which the throat and mesenteric glands were found 
diseased. 

In Table III air infection again predominates. In Tables IV and V 
mainly advanced cases are given in which the primary foci of infection 
are not definitely traceable. 

The amount of disease in any given organ is indicated roughly by 
the number of crosses, a single cross indicating slight infection. Dis- 
ease of the retropharyngeal glands is not indicated in this way, a sin- 
gle cross being used to indicate disease of the right or the left side. 
Generalized or blood infection is indicated in the three last columns; 
pearly disease in the columns headed peritoneum and pleura. 

It should be noticed that in this list of 126 head of diseased cattle^ 
among which there were not less than 100 milk cows, one case with 
tuberculous udder and three others with infected udder glands were 
found. 

*Vaginal discharges may contaminate the milk with other pathogenic hacteria unless 
extreme cleanliness is observed. 



139 





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142 



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143 



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a 




Extensive tuberculosis 
of right half of udder. 

Tuberculosis of renal 
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foci in spleen (gener- 
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Tuberculosis of tra- 
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144 



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infection generalized. 

Tubercles in spleen and 
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uterine infection. 

Foci in spleen, kidneys 
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tion). 

Tubercle bacilli in milk. 
(See p. 82.) 


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tissue. 

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2891— No. 7- 



-10 



146 



Plate I. — Dorsal imped of the bovine lungs. 

The lungs are laid so that the dorsal (or upper) surface is shown. The various 
lobes are drawn apart so that their outlines may he distinctly seen. The lobes are 
named in the text as follows: 

a, a\, right and left caudal lobes, respectively. 

b, b,, right and left ventral lobes. 

c, C|, the two portions of the right cephalh- lobes, denominated first and second 

cephalic lobes. 

C3, left cephalic lobe. 

e, trachea. 

x, region most frequently involved in the earliest stages of pulmonary tuberculo- 
sis. The lesions in this stage are, as a rule, embedded in the lung 
tissue so as to remain invisible from the surface. 




■■:.-,- 



fc 




Dorsal Aspect of the Bovine Lungs. 



148 



Plate II. — Ventral aspect of the bovine lungs. 

The letters correspond to those on Plate i. 
a, «i, right and left caudal lobes. 
h, l) u right and left ventral lobes. 

c, ('i, first and second right cephalic lobes, 
cj, left cephalic lobe. 

d, azygos or median lobe ( belonging to the right luug). This iobe is involved 

in the most advanced cases only. 

e, trachea. 

,c, usual location of the earliest lesions of tuberculosis. 




* 



150 



PLATE III. — Trachea find bronchial tubes of the bovine lungs showing attached bronchial 

glands. 

a, a,, air tubes supplying the right and left caudal lobes. 

b, 6,, air tubes supplying the right and left ventral lobes. 

v, c\, blanches of the right supernumerary bronchus supplying the first and 

second cephalic lobes of the right lung. 
(■■:, air tube supplying the left cephalic lobe. 

d, branch to azygos lobe. 

e, trachea. 

A, left bronchial lymph gland. 

B, right tracheal lymph gland. 

(', lymph gland at root of right supernumerary bronchus. 
U, gland in the angle between bronchi; not always present. 
The minute infra-pulmonary glands, situated along the main bronchi, are not 
shown. 



3ul. 7, Bureau of Animal Industry. 




Trachea and Bronchial Tubes of the Bovine Lungs, showing attached Bronchial 
Glands. (x|). 



152 



Platk IV. — Dorsal aspect of the bovine lungs showing the position of the posterior 
mediastinal glands. 

a, a if caudal lobes. 
h, b ]f ventral lobes. 
c, 0], (\j, cephalic lobes. 
e, trachea. 
/, o'sophagus. 

g, muscular pillars of the diaphragm. 

h, posterior aorta cut through just beyond the arch and reflected so as to 
uncover the left bronchial gland A, resting against the root of the left 
bronchus. 
i, caudal margin of the ligament of the lungs (ligamentum latum.) 
The mediastinal glands are shown, most of them resting on the oesophagus. The 
aorta, fat, and pleural layers which inclose the posterior mediastinal space laterally, 
are removed. 

a, the large caudal gland resting below the oesophagus on the pillars of the dia- 
phragm. This gland may be left in the body when the lungs and heart 
are removed unless special care is taken. 

The remaining mediastinal glands are arranged in two sets, on the right and 
the left margin of the oesophagus. In this animal there is but one gland 
in the left chain, a is the gland most frequently diseased and in many 
cases enormously enlarged. 

a v , the most cephalic of the mediastinal series. 



154 



PlaTk \\— Section through the median plane of the head of a row to show location of the 
(left) retropharyngeal gland. 

a, brain cavity. 
h, nasal septum. 

c, lower jaw, sawn through. 

d, tongue. 

e, posterior nasal passage. 
/, trachea. 

g, epiglottis, resting against soft palate. 

/(, oesophagus. 

A, left retropharyngeal gland, in this case enlarged to twice the normal size by 
tuberculous deposits. 
The opening into the left tonsil is shown as a dark spot under the soft palate. 
The tonsil itself is situated beneath the mucous membrane, where the 
cut surface of the palate appears and projects slightly above this, so as 
to lie in part under the mucosa of the posterior nasal passage. 



Bui. 7, Bureau of Animal 



Plate V. 




'mph Gland, (x-i) 




Retropharyngeal Lymph Gland, (xj). 



156 



Plate VI. — Right lateral aspect of posterior half of a steer s head with skin and super- 
ficial fat removed to show location of lymph glands, fxf.) 

a. lower jaw. 
h, ear passage. 

c, horn, sawn through near hase. 

d, styloid process of occipital bone. 

e, parotid salivary gland. 

/, submaxillary salivary gland. 

.4. right parotid lymph gland, partly hidden under the anterior border of 
the parotid salivary gland. 

B, right post-maxillary lymph glands, the greater portion concealed beneath 

the submaxillary salivary gland. 

C, right submaxillary lymph glands between ramus of lower jaw and sub- 

maxillary salivary gland. 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 



Bureau of Animal Industry, 

Biochemic Laboratory, 
Washington, D. C, July 1, 1894. 
Sir : I herewith, submit a few points of general interest with reference 
to tuberculin, its composition, use, and effect on tbe milk when injected 
into cows. 

Respectfully, 

E. A. UE SCHWEINITZ, 

Chemist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 
Dr. D. E. Salmon, 

Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. 



TUBERCULIN AND ITS USE. 



By E. A, j>E St hweixitz, ph. 



As the use of tuberculin upon man proved more or less disappointing, 
due in a measure to its improper application, attention was turned to 
its value as a diagnostic agent for tuberculosis in cattle. 

The preliminary tests made in France and Germany showed that 
tuberculin was a fairly reliable agent. This indicated that if properly 
applied tuberculin might be useful in indirectly checking and controlling 
consumption in mail by paying due attention to its distribution among 
animals. Accordingly, about three years ago, experiments in its man- 
ufacture and use were begun in the Biochemic Laboratory in Wash- 
ington. The preliminary and comparative tests with this and the 
tuberculin manufactured in Europe proved the Bureau tuberculin to 
be equally reliable, as will be seen from the accompanying report of 
comparative tests made at the Wisconsin Station by Dr. Eussell. 

In order to attract attention to the prevalence of tuberculosis in 
cattle, the resulting dangers to man, and the value of tuberculin in 
controlling it, the Bureau of Animal Industry offered to supply the 
boards of health and State experiment stations with this material, 
to be used in diagnosing disease, provided reports were made of the 
results obtained. The demand for the tuberculin increased very rap- 
idly, requests coming from all parts of the United States, Canada, and 
the West Indies. 

During the six months, beginning January 1, 1894, there has been 
manufactured and distributed from the Biochemic Laboratory of the 
Bureau, tuberculin sufficient for about 4,600injections, which, at the 
price charged in New York for Koch's tuberculin, would have cost 
about $3,500. This does not include the tuberculin used by the Bureau 
for testing some special herds, which would be about 300 injections 
more. The Bureau has also been supplying mallein for the diagnosis 
of glanders, the use of which has proved exceedingly valuable. This 
will be referred to in detail in another bulletin. 

The tuberculin prepared by the Bureau is always tested on tubercu- 
lous cattle in order to have, as far as possible, a uniform material, so 
that results from different localities can be satisfactorily compared. 

159 



160 

Reports of the results of the injection and post-mortem notes have 
been received from a number of different parties, the largest number 
from the experiment station of Vermont and board of health of Massa- 
chusetts. In all cases where the animals showed a characteristic reac- 
tion and were killed, the autopsy proved the presence of tuberculosis. 

The report made by Dr. Russell upon the comparative value of the 
Bureau and Koch tuberculin, the results of which are appended in 
Tables VII and VIII, was as follows : 

The number of animals selected for the test was 18, mostly high-grade stork. The 
herd was divided into two equal parts and the ouelot injected with the Bureau tub- 
erculin, the other with the imported article. After four to seven weeks the injec- 
tions were repeated, the order of procedure being changed. Those that had received 
the imported product were given the Bureau tuberculin and those that had received 
the Bureau tuberculin were given the imported product. 

( )ut of a possible 15 cases, as two animals of the herd did not react with either 
injection and were not slaughtered and one animal was excluded by an accident in 
the experiment, the Bureau tuberculin gave 11 correct diagnoses. In one case 
(Beauty), neither the Bureau nor the imported tuberculin showed a reaction, though 
autopsy proved the presence of tuberculous lesious. In 4 cases, Gay, Aggie, Galena, 
and Daisy, the second injection with the imported tuberculin failed to show a reaction, 
though the first injection with the Bm-eau tuberculin had shown a marked reaction, 
which was confirmed by the autopsy. This lack of reaction from the Koch tuberculin 
may have been due to the fact that the amount of tuberculin was not as strong as that 
used on the first injection, though in two similar cases, Polly and Melvina, the same 
quantity of Koch tuberculin showed a good reaction upon the second injection, 
altera marked reaction had been shown by the first injection with Bureau tubercu- 
lin. These tests have shown again the entire reliability of the Bureau tuberculin. 

By some a decided local reaction has been noted at the point of inoc- 
ulation of tuberculin. Dr. Russell reports that where care was used 
in sterilizing - the syringe no irritation resulted. Unless such precau- 
tions are observed, therefore, any local reaction is to be attributed, not 
to tuberculin, but to septic infection. 

In a great many instances the disease is found to be but slightly 
advanced in a number of animals, so that the milk from such animals 
would not necessarily be injurious. This, howeAer, could be proven 
only by careful examination and inoculation experiments. 

That tuberculin has some curative properties is undoubtedly proved 
and these might be utilized to advautage in many instances. In March 
two tuberculous cows were brought to the station for experiment. In 
one the disease had been diagnosed by Dr. Schroeder upon x^hysical 
examination and both had responded to the tuberculin test. One of 
these, No. 2<S6, was with calf at the time, which she subsequently 
dropped and it was to all appearances in perfect health. 

The milk from this cow used for the inoculation of guinea pigs by 
Dr. Schroeder caused the death of a number of the animals, but not 
from tuberculosis. No tubercle bacilli could be detected by centrifu- 
galizing and subsequent microscopical examination of the milk. The 
calf was kept for several months, all the time with the mother, and 



161 

had all the milk. After two months she received an injection of 0.75 cc. 
tuberculin, but failed to show any reaction. The mother showed a 
reaction upon the first and a slight reaction upon the second injection, 
a marked reaction upon the third, and upon subsequent injections 
a slight reaction. On the contrary, No. 285, which had shown a 
high reaction upon the first injection, gave but a slight reaction on 
the second, and subsequent thereto no reaction at all, as can be seen 
from the Tables I and Y. The animal was thrifty and apparently 
in fairly good health and had improved since brought to the station. 
It will receive more injections of tuberculin, but has to all appearances 
been benefited by the action of the tuberculin. 

Now, as to the nature of the active principle of tuberculin, the inves- 
tigations of Kiihne, especially, have shown that as ordinarily prepared, 
the culture fluid contains so much peptone, with which there is always 
more or less albumose, that it is impossible to separate the true prod- 
ucts of the bacillus from the other substances present in the culture 
media. The simplest way to avoid this difficulty, which was also 
encountered by the writer, is by the use of fluid for the cultivation of 
the bacillus in Avhich glycerin, mineral salts, and asparagin or urea 
were the food for the germs. 

I have used two formulas, both of which have given fairly satisfac- 
tory results in regard to growth : 

1. Water, 1,000 cc. 2. Water, 1,000 cc. 

Glycerin, 70 grains. Glycerin, 70 grams. 

Acid pot. phosphate, 1.0 gram. .Sodium chloride, 6 grams. 

Am. phosphate, 10 grams. Calcium chloride, 0.1 gram. 

Sodium chloride, 10 gram. Mag. sulphate, 0.3 gram. 

Asparagin, 2 grams. Ac. pot. phos., 2.5 grams. 

Mag. sulphate. 0.2 gram. Am. lactate, 6.5 grams. 

Asparagin, 3 grams. 

After sterilization of the ripe artificial cultures, the germs were 
removed by filtration and the mineral salts by dialysis. The addition 
of absolute alcohol to the dialysed solution, free from mineral salts, 
produced a white flocculent precipitate. After drying in vacuo over 
sulphuric acid this was difficultly soluble in water, swelling up, par- 
tially soluble in dilute NaOH, insoluble in salt solution. Its water solu : 
tion yielded a slight opalescence with nitric and acetic acid, and a pre- 
cipitate with ammonium sulphate. The substance gave the biuret 
reaction as well as the xanthoproteic, but did not respond to Millon's 
test. It was free from ash, did not contain sulphur, but phosphorus, 
the latter combined in the molecule, as it was evident after boiling the 
substance with nitric acid. 

The precipitate, therefore, would seem to belong to the class of the 
nucleo-albumins. 

As there had not been a particle of albuminoid matter in the solution 
this was a purely synthetical product of the germ life. 
2891— No. 7 11 



162 

The reaction of this nucleo-albumin was tested on a tuberculous 
guinea pig; 0.002 gram dissolved in Avater caused within six hours a 
rise of temperature from 102.6° to 104° F. 

The solution of the substance that passed through the dialyser con- 
tained at first only the mineral salts and some glycerin. After two 
days some of the albumin had passed through the membrane. The 
solution free from albumin failed to give any alkaloidal reactions, and 
produced no rise of temperature in tuberculous guinea pigs. Aspara- 
gin, as such, appeared to be no longer present in the solution, and the 
mineral phosphoric acid and nitrogen had become incorporated in the 
organic molecule. This is but a brief notice of a study of the active 
principle of tuberculin as, prepared from artificial cultures, and is 
being pushed as rapidly as the difficulty and nature of the work will 
allow. 

The danger of injecting tuberculin in healthy animals in moderate 
quantity is slight. In healthy guinea pigs I have found that an injec- 
tion of a dose twenty times as large as that required to produce a 
reaction in a diseased cow may kill, but will not always do so. There 
is no danger of infection if the tuberculin is properly prepared. 

In order to see the effect, if any, in introducing tuberculin into the 
stomach we have fed tuberculous guinea pigs varying quantities of 
tuberculin. A dose of 0.5 cc. diluted tuberculin which, when injected, 
will produce a rise of temperature 2.5P to 3° F., when fed to another 
pig in the^same stage of the disease is without effect. If the dose be 
made twelve times as great there is a slight rise of temperature in 
four to six hours. Eepeated daily feeding of small doses of tuberculin, 
2.5 cc, will cause a slight rise of temperature after the fourth day in 
tuberculous pigs, showing its action to be cumulative. Upon healthy 
pigs the larger dose is without effect. Such a quantity is entirely out 
of proportion to that which man or animals could get under any ordi- 
nary conditions, and from the appearance of the stomach in the guinea 
pigs the rise of temperature is due to the irritation rather than the dis- 
semination of the tuberculin through the system. 

Although the active principle of tuberculin is very resistant to the 
action of artificial digestion in a 0.2 per cent pepsin and 1 per cent 
hydrochloride acid solution, under the action of the different ferments 
and acids of the stomach it would probably be more rapidly decomposed. 
In the case of invalids and children there might be some irritating and 
poisonous action resulting from tuberculin. 

Dr. Schutz* claims that the effect of tuberculin injection does not 
change the specific gravity of the milk. 

We have made a few examinations of the milk from healthy and 
tuberculous cows taken the day before injection, the day of injection, 

*Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, 1892, p. 40, Vol. xm. 



163 

when the temperature was about at the maximum, aud the day or two 
after injection as shown in the tables. Nos. 113 and 217 were healthy 
animals; Nos. 285, 286, 110, 290, tuberculous. Through an error on the 
part of an assistant the samples brought for analysis were, in Table II, 
the first portion of each milking, except in case of Nos. 280 and 113, 
where the entire amount was saved. The error was not discovered 
until too late to make the corrections with these animals, but the 
results are comparative. 

In the results noted in the other tables the analyses were made from 
the entire milking. Cows Nos. 285, 286, 217, and 113 were ordinary 
animals. No. 290 was a Jersey. In this work I have been ably assisted by 
Mr. J. A. Emery, who has made a large proportion of the milk analyses. 

The Tables IV aud VI show that the acidity of the milk from the 
tuberculous cows was less than that from the healthy, and the amount 
of volatile fatty acids was decidedly less. This can not be attributed 
to the breed of the animal, as No. 290, a Jersey, shows almost as low as 
No. 285. The figures for volatile fatty acid are calculated on the num- 
ber of cubic centimeters of n/10 Ba(OH) 2 solution required for the 
neutralization of the volatile acids from 1 gram of fat of each sample. 
Table YI shows the average daily variation in the milk of the animals 
Nos. 285, 217, and 290 under normal conditions, while Tables II, III, 
and IV show the changes in the milk constituents under the action of 
the tuberculin. 

In Tables I and V are given the temperatures of the individual ani- 
mals during the tests with tuberculin on the dates corresponding to 
those upon which the milk was collected for analysis. 

In general, the results show a decrease in total solids in the tuber- 
culous animals after the injection. In the healthy animals there is also 
a slight decrease in solids but not as much as in the diseased animals. 

There is also a decided variation in the proportion of fat before and 
after injection of the tuberculin as well as albuminoids and sugar. The 
fat and sugar decrease, the albuminoids show a slight increase. The 
latter may, in part, be attributed to the presence of a small amount of 
tuberculin in the milk. This variation in the constituents of the milk 
would indicate that, while under examination with tuberculin, the milk 
of the animals should either not be used at all, or close attention paid 
to the fact that tuberculin will cause such variations. These results 
are but preliminary to a more extended examination. 

As the inspection of tuberculous animals continues, more careful 
examinations will be made of the milk, and other interesting questions 
relative to tuberculin audits effects will be studied. 



164 

RELATION BETWEEN THE TIME AFTER INOCULATION AND THE 
REACTION WJ.TH TUBERCULIN. 

Ill order, if possible, to arrive at some idea as to the length of time 
after inoculation with tuberculosis before an injection with tuberculin 
would show a reaction, the following- experiments were begun some 
time ago. These were interrupted but are being continued again. The 
result obtained with the hist two sets of experiments may be recorded 
here, and will be found in Tables IX and X. (luinea pigs, about 1 
pound in weight each, Nos. 421, 424, 425, 426, 429, and 430, were inoc- 
ulated with tuberculosis from an emulsion of the surface growth of an 
agar culture in 10 c. c P. b. b. on July 10, 1803. Nos. 427. 428, 431, 432, 
433, 435, and 430 were reserved as checks. 

The hist injection was made July 13 with 0.25 c.c tuberculin on No. 

420, and a rise of temperature in three hours of 3.2° F. was noted. The 
animal showed at the point of inoculation with the germ a slight swell- 
ing, otherwise was apparently in good health. July 20, the injection 
upon No. 420 was repeated, 0.125 c. c. tuberculin being used, and Nos. 
430 and 428 were also used. The check showed no rise of temperature, 
while the inoculated ones showed a rise of about 1°F. each. This was 
ten days after the inoculation. July 21 and July 26 the injection was 
repeated on Nos. 429 and 430, respectively, with a rise of 1° F., but 
the checks still showed no reaction. 

Nos. 425 and 426 on July 22, both of which had been inoculated on 
July 10 with the same amount of a culture of tuberculosis gave, when 
injected with tuberculin, a rise of 1.0° and 0.(5° F., while the check 
showed a fall of temperature. 

Tested again on July 29 both pigs showed about the same rise in tem- 
perature as before. 

Nos. 424 and 425 when first tested showed about the same reaction 
as the others, the same number of days after injection, as did also No. 

421, six days after the injection. No. 424 died from general tuberculo- 
sis on August 12, just two months after the inoculation. As it seemed 
from these injections that the tuberculin produced a reaction almost as 
soon as the germ was introduced into the system and before any local 
lesion, oilier than the inflammation set up at the point of inoculation 
could be formed, the experiment was repeated with results as recorded 
in Table X.. 

For this experiment pigs Nos. 482, 483, 485, and 48<> were inoculated, 
and Nos. 481, 484, 487, and 488 retained as checks. They were inocu- 
lated October 7, 1803. October 26. pig No. 482, which had ou October 
25 shown a- reaction with tuberculin, was chloroformed and examined. 
There were a few small tubercles in the lungs, otherwise the animal 
was apparently healthy. Five days after the inoculation the pigs 
showed a slight reaction; ten days after, no reaction; eighteen days 
after, no reaction. The first injection of tuberculin probably interfered 
with the others, and also retarded the advance of the disease. 



165 

No. 486 received the first injection of tuberculin eleven days after 
inoculation, but showed no reaction. When tested again, twenty-four 
days after, there was a rise of temperature of 1° only: Four months 
afterwards the pig' was found dead, and although there were a few 
tubercles in lungs and liver, and the glands of the knee near the point 
of inoculation were tuberculous, the animal had died from other causes. 

In the case of No. 483, the first injection, seven days after the inocu- 
lation, as well as the subseojient ones, eleven and twenty-four days 
after, showed a reaction of 1°. The pig was chloroformed on Novem- 
ber 5, just one month after inoculation, but beyond a very slight swell- 
ing at the point of inoculation there was no sign of lesions. The injec- 
tion with tuberculin had probably checked the disease. In the case of 
No. 485, the first injection with tuberculin showed a rise of 0.4° F. nine- 
days after inoculation. The second, eighteen days after, a rise of 0.6° 
F., and one month after, a rise of 2°. The pig was found dead on 
December 8, two mon»ths after the inoculation. The glands at the 
knee-fold were enlarged and tuberculous, the lungs were hemorrhagic 
and contained a few tubercles; liver and spleen normal. 

In two instances the checks gave a slight reaction upon the first 
injection with tuberculin, but when chloroformed immediately and 
examined seemed healthy, and their temperature before inoculation 
had been a little high. 

Two guinea pigs that had been inoculated with tuberculosis on July 
10 received an injection of tuberculin again on November 8, and showed 
a marked rise of temperature. They were both found dead a month 
later, and autopsy showed ulceration where inoculated, liver enlarged 
and fatty, lungs covered with tubercles. 

These experiments tend to show that the reaction in temperature may 
be influenced by the location of the lesions. So far, however, in the 
examination of tuberculous cattle it has been impossible to show any 
fixed relationship between the character and extent of the tubercular 
lesion and the amount of reaction. 

To see what lesions would be produced by infecting guinea-pigs with 
feeding them tubercle cultures, 5 pigs were selected, and on May 24, 1894, 
fed 0.5 and 1 c. c, respectively, of liquid tubercle culture. On June 22, 
1894, 1 of these pigs was chloroformed. To outward appearances 
the animal was healthy. The autopsy showed the lungs to be congested 
and covered with a large number of incipient tubercles. The liver was 
soft and friable, and the spleen pale and covered with a number of 
tubercles. The stomach and intestines did not show any signs of 
tuberculosis. 

On July 10 another one of this set of pigs was chloroformed. Autopsy 
showed about the same condition as the first one, viz, incipient tuber- 
culosis in the sple-.n and lungs, but the other organs were apparently 
normal. 



166 

The 3 other pigs of this set were to all appearances perfectly healthy, 
though they all had a high temperature, viz, 103.5°-104° F. 

In the case of glanders Nocard has found that if the virus is intro- 
duced into the stomach with the food of the animal the disease will 
develop rapidly, but the lesions will be found in the lungs and spleen, 
with no sign of disease in the stomach. The tests on guinea pigs would 
point to the possibility of a similar action in the case of the tubercle 
bacillus when taken in through the alimentary tract. 

Table I.— Temperature reactions of cows on repeated injections of tuberculin. 



Day before injection. 



1894. 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 30 

Mar. 31 



Healthy cows 
Nos.- 



Temperature. 



Second injection, 
tuberculous 
cows Nos.— 



Temperature. 



6a.m I 101.2 

8a.m 101.7 

10 a.m.... 101.8 

12 m 99. 

2 p. in 100.7 

4p.m 100.8 

6 p. m 101. 

8p.m ! 100.8 

10 p. m 100.5 

6 a. in 100.5 



Injected 2 cc. tuberculin at 



Mar. 31 
Mar. 31 
Mar. 31 
Mar. 31 
Mar. 31 
Mar. 31 
Mar. 31 
Apr. 1 



10 a. in 
12m.. 
2p.m. 
4 p. m. 
6 p. m . 
8 p. in . 
10 p. m 
8p.m. 



101.7 
101.4 
101.0 
101.5 
101.5 
100.0 
100.4 
100.8 



101. 5 

102. 3 
102.2 
100. 7 
101.4 
102. 
102.5 
101.7 
101.0 
101.4 



1894. 
Mar. 19 
Mar. 19 
Mar. 19 
Mar. 19 
Mar. 19 
Mar. 19 



11 a. m 
1 p. m 
3 p. m 
5 p. m 
7 p. in 
9 p. m 



102.3 
102.0 
102.0 
101.0 
101.7 
101.0 



102. 2 
102. 2 
102.2 
101.5 
101.7 
101.8 



Injected 2 cc. tuberculin at 11 p. m. 



102. 8 


Mar. 20 


6 a. m 


101.0 


101.4 


Mar. 20 


8a.m 


101.4 


101.8 


Mar. 20 


10 a.m.... 


101.2 


102.5 ; 


Mar. 20 


12 in 


101.2 


103.0 


Mar. 20 


2 p. m 


103.2 


100.7 


Mar. 20 


4 p. m 


103.5 


101.4 


Mar. 20 


6 p. m 


103.2 


101.4 , 


Mar. 20 


8 p. m 


103. 2 




Mar. 20 


10 p.m. ... 


101.6 




Mar. 20 


12 p. m 


100.8 



101.2 
101 

ioi. !,' 

101- 
101 « 
102." 
101.° 
103« 
103.° 
102.6 



Reinjected at 12:15 
a.m. with : 



Mar. 21 i 7 a. m.. 
Mar. 21 | 9 a.m.. 
Mar. °1 | 11 a.m. 
Mar. 21 i 1p.m.. 
Mar. 21 | 3 p. 
Mar. 21 | 5 p. 



Mar. 21 

Mar. 21 

Mar. 21 

Mar. 22 



7 p.m.. 
9 p.m.. 
11 p. m. 
7 a. m . . 



101.2 
101.8 
101.0 
101.4 
101.2 
101.2 
102.0 
101.4 
101.0 
101.0 



102.3 
103. 
102.8 
102.5 
102.4 
102.0 
103.0 
103.4 
102.4 
101.0 



Milk collected March 31 and April 1 at 7 a.m. 



167 

TABLE I. — Temperature reactions of eons on repeated injections of tuber 'etttin — Cont'd. 







Sec- 
ond in- 
jection 
healthy 


Third injec- 
tion tubercu- 






Tuberculous 






lous cows 
Nos.— 






cows Nos.— 


Date. 


Time. 


No. 

217. f 




Date. 


Time. 






285.t : 286.1 


HO.t | 290.t 




Temperature. 


Temperature. 


1 1894. 










1894. 










' Apr. 12 


2p.m... 


97.2 


98.8 


101.2 


Apr. 16 


2p.m... 


100.5 






Apr. 12 


4 p.m.. 


98. 7 


100.0 


101.8 


Apr. 16 


o p. m. .. 


99.8 






Apr. 12 


6p.m... 


101.6 


100.5 


102. 8 


Apr. 17 


6a.m... 


100.8 






1 Apr. 12 


8 p.m... 


101. 2 


101.0 


102. 8 


Apr. 17 


8 a. m ... 


100.4 




Day before injection. 










Apr. 17 
Apr. 17 
Apr. 17 


10 a.m.. 
12m.... 
2 p.m... 


101.4 
100.5 


101.0 
102.0 














Apr. 17 


4 p. m . . 


99.7 


101.8 














Apr. 17 


6p;m... 


101.5 


102.8 












Apr. 17 


8 p.m... 


101.0 


101.5 




Injected 2 cc. tuberculin at 11 p.m. 


Injected 2 


cc. tuberculin at 11 : 30 p.m 




Apr. 13 


6a.m... 


101.4 


101.0 


103.4 


Apr. 18 


6 a. m . . . 


101.2 


102.5 




Apr. 13 


8a.m... 


102.2 


101.4 


103.2 


Apr. 18 


8 a. m ... 


101.0 


103.0 




Apr. 13 


10 a. m . . 


101.2 


102.0 


104.2 


Apr. 18 


10 a.m.. 


103.8 


104.3 




Apr. 13 


12m.... 


102.0 


101.0 


104.5 


Apr. 18 


12 m.... 


105.8 


105.0 


Day when injected. . . ■ 


Apr. 13 
Apr. 13 


2 p.m... 
4 p.m... 


101.2 
101.2 


101.8 
101.7 


105.0 
105.2 


Apr. 18 
Apr. 18 


2 p. m . . . 
4 p.m... 


104.7 
105.7 


105.0 
105.4 




Apr. 13 


6p.m... 


101.4 


102.4 


103.0 


Apr. 18 


6 p. m . . . 


105.4 


104.6 




Apr. 13 


8p.m... 


101.2 


101.8 


102.6 


Apr. 18 
Apr. 18 


8p.m... 
ll:30p.m 


104.0 
101.4 


104.6 
105.0 


1 










Apr. 19 


? a. m . . . 


100.0 


102.8 



t Milk collected at 5 p. m. 



Table II. — Percentage variation in the constituents of the milk from healthy and diseased 
cows produced by the injection of tuberculin. 



Date. 


Total 

solids. 


Sugar. 


Albu- 
mi- 
noids. 


"Fat. 


Ash (in 
milk). 


Ash (in 
total 

solids). 


Chlo- 
rine (in 
milk). 


Chlo- 
rine 
(ash). 


Chlo- 
rine 
(total 
solids). 


Remarks. 


Mar. 19 

20 
22 


14.48 

10.32 
12.43 

11. 25 


3.33 

3.12 
3.12 

2.72 


3.15 

3.41 
3.93 

3.75 


8.19 

2. 55 
5.11 

5.12 


.660 

.692 
.732 

.802 


4.61 

6.71 
5.88 

7.13 


.010 

.010 
.0046 

.016 


1.55 

1.47 
.632 

2.09 


.077 

.098 
.037 

.149 


Before injection 
(injected 11p.m., 
tuberculous.) 

After injection. 

Reinjected (12:15 
a.m.). 

After reinjection. 



Mar. 19 

20 


15.44 

13.51 
15.22 


2.72 
2^63 


4.32 

4.23 

4.23 


8.19 

6.12 

8.21 


.661 

.712 

.724 


4.28 

5. 27 
4.71 


.011 

.005 
.0049 


.786 
.681 


.066 

.041 
.032 


Before injection 
(injected 11 p.m., 
tuberculous). 

After injection. 

Reinjected (12:15 


. 


13.50 ' 


2.50 


4. 50 


6.13 


.769 


5.70 


v 015 


2.04 


.114 


After reinjection. 



Mar. 31 
Apr. 1 



4.17 


3.26 


2.54 


.775 


7.03 


.023 


3. 03 


.213 


3.84 


3. 20 


1.52 


.696 


6.53 


.041 


6.57 


,429 



Before inj e c t i o I 

(healthy). 
After injection. 



168 

'ABLE H. — Percentage variation in the constituents of the milk from health)/ and diseased 
cows produced by the, injection of tuberculin — Continued. 



A lb u 

Sugar. mi- Fat. 

noids. 



Ash (in Chid- Chlo- 

total rine (in line 

Isolids). milk), (ash). 



Chlo- 
rine 
(total 



Mar. 31 
Apr. 1 



(i. (37 .0«i23 .325 .0211! Before injection 

(healthy). 
G.81 .072 3.75 .255 After injection. 



Apr. 12 16.24 
13 12.62 



1.92 
1.56 



'.. 70 . 043 6. 01 



Before injecti on 

! (tuberculous). 
, 343 I After injection. 



Quai 



milk insufficient to 
NO. 110. 



determination. 



17 


12.59 


3. 84 


3.23 5.14 


.672 


:.. 33 


. 050 


7.54 


.402 


Before inje c t i o n 
(tuberculous). 


is 


12.58 


3.84 


3. 20 4. 12 


.750 


5.90 


.0(51 


8.17 


.487 


After injection. 


19 


10.52 


3.84 


3.19 3.08 


.060 


0.53 


.056 


8. 10 


.530 


Second day after 
injection. 



Apr. 17 


13.62 


3.84 | 


3. 48 


- gg 


.084 


5. 04 


. 0f,2 


7.70 


.388 


Before injec t io n 




















(tuberculous). 


18 


15.31 


3.57 


3. 25 


7. 23 


.786 


5.13 


.089 


11.43 


.587 


After injection. 


19 


11.23 


3.57 


3. 43 


3.08 


. 607 


5.00 


.051 


7. 71 


.437 


Second (lav after 






















injection. 



Apr. 12 11.03 4. 17 
13 9.77 3.57 



20 2. 50 
.39 1.53 



.081 G. 17 .054 

.727 7.44 .060 8.35 



.05 .497 Before injection 
(healthy). 
621 After injection. 



TABLE III. — Percentage variation in the constituents of the milk from healthy and diseased 
coirs produced by the injection of tuberculin. 



Specific Total Ash Ash(total Albu s K 

gravity. solids, (milk), solids), minoids. BU S ar - *■*■ 



ay 15. . 


1.031 


10.52 


10 


1.029 


11.13 




1.029 


10. 83 



2.89 3.84 3.05 Before injection of tuber- 

culin. 
2.81 3.84 3.57 Do. 

After injection of tuber- 
2.71 4. 10 2.55 culin. 



May 16 
17. 



4.47 



Increase after injection in sugar, ash. and specific gravity. 
Decrease after injection in fat. albuminoids, and total solids. 



.77 


10.27 


Before inje 
culin. 


•lion ( 


f tuber- 


.12 


6. 03 


After injec 
culin. 


ion o 


f tuber- 



169 

Tablk IV. — Percentage variation in the constituents of the milk from healthy and diseased 
cows produced by the injection of tuberculin. 



Total 
solids. 



May 31. 

June 1 . . 

5. . 


17.33 
14.60 
17.77 


3.33 

3.57 
2.77 


3. 
2. 
2. 



\sli Acidit .V 
A. S ■ 



s. »:> 

6.13 
2. 88 10. 25 



10 ■»■"■*«" 

required for 
1 co. milk. 



No. cc. 

^ Ba(OH) 2 

for volatile 
fat acids in 
one gram fat. 




3. 48 Before injection. 

4.85 Do. 

4.00 J After injection. 



May 31. 

June 1. 

5. 



0.74 


2.29 


.625 


1.02 


2. 55 


.610 


1.04 


2. 55 


. 556 



9.34 j Before injection. 
11.68 | Do. 

12.15 After injection. 



May 31. 


12.03 


4.16 


2.82 


2.43 


June 1. 


10.25 


4.16 


2.29 


1. 27 


5. 


11.26 


4.16 


2.70 


2.03 , 



10.04 ! Before injection. 

15.74 ! Do. 

16.45 | After injection. 



May 31.. 


15. 57 


3.33 


3.26 1 


7.66 | 


June 1.. 


14.96 


3.85 


2.70 


7.17 


5. . 


15.87 


3. 33 j 


3.31 


:•!. 19 : 



5. 09 
4.99 

5. 93 



Before injection. 

Do. 
After injection. 



Tablk V. — Temperature reaction of con's on repeated injections with tuberculin. 





Fourth injection. 






Fifth injection. 








tuberculous 






tuberculous 


Third injection — 




cows 


Nos. — 






cows Xos. — 


















Time. 

285. 


286. 


Date. 


Time. 


285. 286. 


Tubercu- 
lous cow 
No. 290. 


Healthy 
cow No. 217. 




j Tempe 
7 a. m 100. 4 


"ature. 
99.6 


I Temperature. 


Temperature. 


MaylG.. 


May 31.. 


6 a.m... 


J 100.7 100.2 


101.0 


100.2 




9 a. m 99.4 


100.2 




8 a. ni... 


.1 100.2 100.0 


100.5 


100.0 




11a.m.... 100.8 


100. 6 




10 a. m. . 


-1 101.5 101.2 


101.0 


101.2 




lp.m 101.0 


100.6 




12m 


. 101.2 : 100.2 


101.0 


100.8 




3p.iu 100.0 


101.0 




2p.m... 


.| 101.2 ■ 101.8 


101. 5 


101.4 




5p.m 1 101.4 


101.5 




4 p.m... 


.1 101.2 101.0 


100-4 


100.7 




7 p. m : 101. 


101.4 




6 p.m... 


. 101.7 101.6 


102.0 


102.0 




10 p.m.... 101.0 


101.0 


June 1. . 


8 p. in . . . 


. 101.8 102.6 


102.4 


102.2 




Injected 2cc. tuberc 
10:15 p. iri. 


ulin at 




Injected 2 cc t 


uberculin. 
102. 6 




May 1". . 


7a.m 100.8 


100.2 


6 a. m. .. 


. 101.5 100.4 


100.7 




9 a. m 101.0 


100.6 




8 a.m... 


. 101.2 100.5 


103.0 


101.5 




11a.m.... 101.4 


100.8 




10 a. m. . 


. 102.4 102.4 


105.0 


101.4 




lp.m 101.7 


101.0 




12m .... 


. 103. 2 102. 


105.6 


101.8 




3 p. m 101. 


101.6 




2 p. m . . . 


103.4 102.4 


105. 6 


101. 




5 p. in 101.2 


102.2 




4 p m . . . 


103.7 102.8 


105.0 


102.2 




7p.m 101.8 


103.5 




6p.m... 


. 102. 5 103. 2 


104.0 


101.7 




9p.ni 101.8 


102.6 




8 p. m . . . 


.1 101.8 102.4 


103.2 


101.8 



170 



Tablk V. — Temperature reaction of cows on repeated injee 



lions with Inhere ii tin — Cont'd. 



Sixth injection. 
tuberculous cows 



Calf of 
286.* 



•Tulv 5. 



Temperature. 



. 7 ii. in 101.0 

i 9a.iu 101.6 

Ha. in...., 102.8 

I lp. m 102.6 

i 3 p. m 103.0 

j 5 p. in 102.8 

I 7 p. in 103.2 

! 9 p. ni 102.0 



100.5 |. 
100.7 
103. 2 
102.2 
102.7 
102.4 
103.8 ' 
102.7 



Tempera- 
ture. 



102.0 
101.6 
102.4 
102.8 
103.2 
102.6 



Injected 
it 9 p. in. 



i a. in 
9 a. m 
11a. r, 
1 p. in 
itp.m 
5 p. ni 
7 p. in 





Tuberculin. 


2 




J CO. 


101.4 


100. 8 


101.8 


101.4 


100.6 


101.2 


l 103. 


103.0 


101.8 


1 102. 6 


101.6 


102.0 


I 103. 


102. 6 


102.8 


101.5 


101.8 


103.0 


101.7 


101.6 


103. 4 



Two months i 



Tabi.k VI. — Normal daily percentage variations in tin 

and healthy cow*. 



constituents of milk from diseased 







1 








No. cc. 






Date. 


Total 

solids. 


*--■ *£?£■ 


Fat. 


Ash 
(milk). 


Iodine 

number. 


i Ba (OH), 
req. for vol- 


Acidity 

'lactic) 
acid. 


No.cc. 

— NH 4 OH 

10 














atile tat 


required for 














acids in one 




1 cc. milk. 














gram fat. 






June 11. 


16. 24 


3.12 4.15 


8. 71 


. 403 


36. 07 


3.40 


.062 




12. 


14.47 










3.74 
4.86 




.07 


13. 


14.25 


3. 12 3. 94 


6.65 


.478 


34. 43 


.068 


14. 


14.53 


3.12 4.13 


7.67 


.638 


30.68 


4.34 


.065 


!o7 


15. 


14.34 


3 12 3.99 


6. 65 


.662 


33.74 


4.65 


.062 


.07 



June 11. 


11.97 


4.16 


4.17 


2.03 


. 590 


28.97 


12.52 


.149 




12. 


10.82 


4,16 


3.83 


1:52 


.692 


21.17 


15.09 


.158 


.18 


13. 


11.30 


4. 16 


3.97 


2.02 1 


.751 


29.10 


14.55 


. 160 


.18 


15. 


11.62 


4.16 


4.25 


2. 03 


.767 


27.76 


18.07 


. 160 


.18 



June 11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 


16.35 
15.13 
15.71 
15,31 
16.22 


3 12 
3.84 
3. 33 

3. 57 
3 84 


4.26 
3.95 
4.03 
4.01 
4.25 
1 


8.19 
6.64 
7.15 
7.14 
7.66 


.596 
.620 
.592 
.625 
.641 


30. 51 
28. 79 
28.85 


5. 25 i 
5. 51 
7.94 ! 
6.80 
6.64 


.094 
.118 
.119 
.114 
.115 


.106 
.114 
.134 
.130 
.130 


15. 


2 ,H | 



171 






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175 



Tablk IX. — Reaction in temperature with tuberculin in tuberculous guinea pigs at differ- 
ent dates after infection. 





Xo. 429. 


Xo. 426. 


Xo.42611. 




Tem- 

Date. Time. pera- 

: ture. 

July 20 | 10 a. m . .1 102. 6 

' 1 ! 


j Tern- 
Date. ! Time. pera- 
i ture. 


Date. Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Before injection 


July 21 j 10 a, m J 103. 4 


July 22 ! 9 a.m... 


102.4 




Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected \ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


After injection < 


July 20 1 12m.... 102.8 
July 20 2p.m... 103.6 
July 20 : 4p.m...' 103.0 


July 21 
July 21 
July 21 


12m.... 104.4 
2 p.m... 104.4 
4 p.m... 103.4 


July ?2 11 a. m . . 
July 22 1 p.m... 
July 22 3p.m... 


103.2 
104. 
103.2 




Xo. 424. 


Xo. 424 II 


No. 429 II. 




Tem- 

Date. Time. pera- 

ture. 


! Tem- 

Date. Time. 1 pera- 

j ture. 


Tern- 
Date. Time, j pera- 
i ture. 


Before injection. 


< July 24 | 10 a. m . . 103. 2 


July 25 10a.m.. 103.4 


July 26 10 a. in . . 102. 8 

1 




Injected Jcc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


After injection < 


j July 24 12 m . . . . 104. 2 
July 24 j 2p.m... 104.4 
July 24 4 p. m . . . 103. 6 


July 25 fl2m..J 103.2 
July 25 | 2p.m... 103.8 
July 25 i 4p.m... 103.2 


July 26 12 m 104. 

July 26 1 2 p. m...| 103.8 
July 26 4p.m... 103.4 





Xo. 429 III. 




Xo. 420 III. 


Xo. 426 IV. 






Date. Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


\ Tern- 
Date. Time, j pera- 
ture. 


Date. Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Before injection. 


July 27 ; 10 a. m . . 


102.4 


July 28 f 10 a.m.. 103.2 


July 29 j 10a.m.. 


102.0 



Injected J cc. tuberculin. I Injected Jcc. tuberculin. Injected Jcc. tuberculin. 



C July 27 , 12 m . . . 

After injection < i July 27 2 p.m.. 

( ! July 27 ! 4p.m.. 



103.8 
103. 
103.4 



July 28 ; 12 m . . . 
July 28 2p.m.. 
July 28 J 4 p.m.. 



104.0 
103.8 
103.6 



July 29 12 m 

July 29 I 2p.m... 



Xo. 430. 


Xo. 430 II. 


[j Xo.425. 


Date. Time. 


Tern- 

pera- 1 Date. Time. 

ture. i 


Tern- " | Tem- 
pera- Date. Time. pera- 
ture. ture. 


Before injection. '< July 20 10 a.m.. 


103.0 July 21 10a.m.. 


102.6 j July 22 I 9 a.m.. .| 103.6 



Injected £ cc. tuberculin. I Injected ^ cc. tuberculin. Injected J cc. tuberculin. 



C I July 20 ' 12 m . . . 

After injection < July 20 i 2 p.m.. 

f ! July 20 I 4 p. m . . 



102.8 I 
103. 6 



July 21 12m.... I 103.6 
July 21 2 p.m... I 103.6 
July 21 i 4 p. in ... ( 103. 4 



July 22 | 11a.m..! 103.8 
July 22 I 1p.m...! 104.2 
July 22 ! 3 p.m...; 104.0 





Xo. 425 II. 


Xo.421. 


No. 421 II. 




i Tern- 
Date. Time. pera- 
ture. 


Date. Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


' Date. Time. 

1 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Before injection. 


July 24 10 a.m.. 102.0 


July 25 ] 10 a. m . . 


102.6 


i 
July 26 10a.m.. 102.8 




Injected J cc. tuberculin. 

July 24 1 12m....! 103.6 
July 24 2p.m...i 104.0 
July 24 4 p.m...! 104.0 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


After injection < 


Julv 25 ! 12m.... 103. 4 
July 25 2 p. in... 103.6 
Julv 25 4p.m... 103.4 


July 26 . 12 m . . . . 104. 6 

1 July 26 2p.m... 103.6 

Julv 26 1 4p.m... 103.6 



176 

Tablk IX. — Reaction in temperature with tuberculin in tuberculous guinea-pigs at differ- 
ent dates after infection — Continued. 



Date. 



Tern- Tern- 

Time. pera- Date. Time. pera- 

ture. ture. 



Date. 



Tern- 

Mine. pera- 
ture. 

Julv 29 10 a. in . . 103.6 



Before in jeetion . July 27 10 a.m.. 102.fi July 28 ; 10 a. in.. 103.0 

Injected ' s cc. tuberculin. Injected J it. tuberculin. Injected Jcc. tuberculin 



( July 27 12m.... 104.2 July 28 12 m . ..., 104. 2 

After injection ^ Julv 27 2p.m... 103.4 Julv 28 ' 2 p.m...l 104.3 

( July 27 4 p. m... 103.1! Julv 28 4 p. in... 104.0 



Julv 29 12 m : 104.0 

July 29 2 p.m... 104.6 



Tem- 
pera- Date 



/Before injec- 



10 a. in .. 104.0 Julv 21 



Xo. 435. 

Tem- 

Tinie. pera- 

ture. 

10 a. in.. 102.4 



Tem- 
Time. pera- 



Julv 22 , it a.m. 



"" 



Injected J cc tuberculin. Injected ^ cc tuberculin. ' Injected > cc. tuberculin. 



( Julv 20 12 n 
io -\ July 20 2 p. 
■( July 20 4].. m.. 102.6 July 21 4 p. 



103.4 Julv 21 12 m 102.6 

103.4 July 21 ( 2 p.m... 102.6 



[Before injec- 
tion 



Julv 22 11 a.m.. 101.2 
July 22 lp. in... 101.8 
Julv 22 3 p.m... 102.4 



Teni- 

Tinic. pera- I>at< 

ture. 



Time. pera- Date. Time. pera- 



July 24 lo a. 



10.1.2 July 25 10 a.m.. 101.6 July 26 10 a. m . . 102. ( 



Injected | cc. tuberculin. Injected J cc. tuberculin. Injected J cc. tuberculin. 



July 24 12 m... 100.6 July 25 12 m.... 102.0 July 26 12m.... 103. G 
July 24 2p.m. . 101.6 July 25 | 2 p.m. .. 102. 8 July 26 2p.m... 103.0 
Julv 24 4p.m.. 102.4 Julv 25 ' 4 p. m. . . 103.0 July 26 4p.m... 102.8 



No. 427. 



Tern- Tem- 

pera- Date. Time. pera- : Date 

ture. ture. 



Sefore injec- 
tion July 27 10a.m. I 102.6 July 28 10a. 



Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 



Injected J cc. tuberculin. Injected I cc. tuberculin. Injected J cc. tuberculin. 



'"--"I'll 



12 in ... . 102. 4 July 28 12 in . . . . 102. 6 , Julv 29 12m.... 
2 p.m... 103. July 28 2 p.m... 102.2 Julv 29 2 p.m. . . 
4p.m... 103.0 July 28 4p.m... 102.0 



103. 2 
104.0 



177 

Table X. — Reaction in temperature with tuberculin in tuberculous guinea pigs at different 
dates after infection. 





No. 482. 


No. 482. 


No. 486. 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tern, 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Before injection. 


Oct. 12 


10 a.m.. 


101.8 


Oct." 16 


9:30 a.m. 102.6 


Oct. 18 


9:30 a.m. 


102.2 




Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


After injection.? 


Oct. 12 1 1:15 p.m. 
Oct. 12 3:45 p.m. 


102.8 
103.0 


Oct. 16 | 11 :30a.m. 
Oct. 16 3p.m... 


102.4 
102.2 


Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 


11:30 a.m. 
3:30 p.m. 
6 p.m ... 


102.4 
101.6 




1 




1 











No. 482. 


No. 486. 


(Inoculated July 10, 1893.) 
No. 426. 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Before injection. 


Oct. 25 


9:30 a.m. 


102.0 


Nov. 1 


9 :30 a. m. 


102.2 


Nov. 8 


10 a. m. . 


103.0 




Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected^ ce - tuberculin. 


After injection .< 


Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 


12m .... 
2p.m... 
4 p. m . . 
6:15 p.m. 


102.8 
102.6 
102.4 
102.2 


Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 


12m 

2 p. m ... 

4 p. m ... 
6p.m... 


102.2 
102.6 
103.2 
102.4 


Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 


12m 

2p.m... 
4 p. m ... 


105.0 
106.2 
105.0 




No. 487 (a). 


No. 487 (a). 


No. 484 (d). 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 




Before injec- 
tion 

After injec- C 
K tion < 


Oct. 12 


10 a.m... 


103.0 


Oct. 16 


9:30 a.m. 


103.4 


Oct. 18 


9 :30 a. m. 


102.4 


# 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 




Oct. 12 
Oct. 12 


1:15 p.m. 
3:45 p.m. 


104.0 
103.8 


Oct. 16 ll:30a.m 
Oct. 16 3 p. m . . . 


103.4 
103.0 
102.4 


Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 


11:30 a.m. 
3:30 p.m. 
6 p.m 


104.0 

103.0 























No. 487 (a). 


No. 484 (d). 


(Inoculated Julv 10, 1893.) 
No. 425. 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 




Before injec- 
tion 

After injec- 
. tion •; 


Oct. 25 


9:30 a.m. 


103.2 


Nov. 1 


9:30 a.m. 


101.8 


Nov. 8 


10 a.m .. 


103.4 


1 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 




Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 


12m .... 
2 p.m... 
4 p.m ... 
6:15p.m. 


103.2 
103.0 
103.0 
102.8 


Nov. 1 

Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 


9:30 a.m. 
2 p.m... 
4 p. m. .. 
6 p.m .. . 


102.2 
102. 6 
102.6 
102.4 


Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 


12 m 

2 p. m ... 
4p.m... 


104.2 

106.4 
105.8 



2891— No. 7 12 



178 

Table X. — Reaction in temperature with tuberculin in tuberculous guinea pigs at different 
dates after infection — Continued. 







No. 483. 


No. 485. 


No. 483. 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Tern- 
Time, pera- 
tuic. 


Before injection. 


Oct. 14 


9:30 a.m. 


102.8 


Oct: 16 9:30a.m. 

1 


102.4 


Oct. 18 


9:30 a. m. 103 




Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J CC. tuberculin. 


After injection. < 


Oct. 14 
Oct. 14 


ll:30a.m 
2:30 p.m. 


103.8 
103.8 


Oct. 16 
Oct. 16 
Oct. 16 


11:30 a.m 
3 p. m . . . 
6 p. m . . . 


102.0 
102.8 
102. 6 


Oct. 18 
Oct. 1* 
Oct. 18 


11:30 a.m 
3:30 p.m. 
6 p. m . . . 


104. 
103.4 
103.4 














No. 485. 


No. 483. 


(Inoculated Oct. 7. 1893.) 
No. 485. 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
per:! 
ture. 


Before injection. 


Oct. 25 


9:30a.m. 


102.6 


Nov. 1 


9:30 a.m. 


102. 4 


Nov. 8 10a.m... 


102.0 




Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


After injection .< 


Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 


12m .... 
2 p. m ... 
4 p. m . . . 
6:15 p.m. 


103.4 
103.2 
103.0 
103.0 


Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 


12 v m .... 
2 p. m ... 
4 p. m ... 
6 p. m ... 


102.6 
102.6 
103.4 
103.0 


Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 


12 ij j 103.6 

2 p.m... 104.0 
4 p m ... 103.0 




No. 486 (6). 


No. 481 (c). 


No. 488 (ft). 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tern- 
pi-ra- 
ti.ro. 




Fiefore injec- 
tion 

After injec-i 
tion < 


Oct. 14 


9:30 a.m. 


102.2 


Oct. 16 


9:30 a.m. 


103.0 


Oct. 18 


9:30 a.m. 


102.0 




Injected £ cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cd. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 




Oct. 14 
Oct. 14 


11 :30 a.m 
2:30 p.m. 


101.8 

102. 8 


Oct. 16 
Oct. 16 
Oct. 16 


11:30a. m 
3 p. m . . . 
6 p. m . . . 


102.6 
102.8 
102.3 


Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 


11:30 a.m 102.1! 
3:30p.m. 101.6 
6 p.m... 102.8 












No. 481 (c). 


No. 488 (6). 


(Inoculated Oct. 7, 1893.) 
No. 481 (c). 




Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Date. 


Time. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 




Before injec- 
tion 

After injec- j 
tion < 


Oct. 25 1 9:30 a.m. 


103.0 


Nov. 1 


9:30 a.m. 


102.0 


Nov. 8 


10 a.m.. 103.6 


I 


Injected J cc. tuberculin . 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


Injected J cc. tuberculin. 


U 


Oct. 25 
Oct, 25 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 25 


12 m 103.0 

2 p.m ...1 102.8 
4 p. m ... : 102.6 
6:15 p.m. 102.6 


Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 


12m 

•>. p. HI . .; 

4 p. m ... 

6p.m... 


101 6 

102.0 
102.2 
102.2 


Nov. 8 
Nov. s 
Nov. 8 


12m .... 
2 p. in 
4 p.m... 


10X6 
103.8 
103.6 



LEFe'07 



"V 




US. 



